Izincwadi zaseSpain

Izincwadi zaseSpain zibizwa ngokuthi zakhiwa ngolimi lwesiCastilian. Ngakho-ke, kufaka phakathi imibhalo yasekuqaleni yaseSpain nezinhlamvu ze-Hispano-Latin (zombili ezasendulo nezedlule) Ngokunjalo, lesi siqu sisebenza ezincwadini zeJudeo-Spanish, izincwadi zesi-Arabhu-Spanish nasezilimini zesifunda saseSpain (isiGalician, isiCatalan, isiBasque, iNavarrese-Aragonese, i-Asturleonian) ...

(ikakhulukazi nama-jarchas, imibhalo yezinkondlo ebhalwe ngolimi lwendabuko). Ngaphezu kwalokho, Izincwadi zaseSpain zithathwa njengehlumela lezincwadi zothando futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, umanduleli wezinhlamvu zaseLatin American.

Imibhalo yokuqala yezincwadi zaseSpain

Ngokombono womlando nendawo, izincwadi zaseSpain kukhulunywa ngazo kuphela ngomqondo oqinile wegama kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Kuze kube yilelo khulu leminyaka, bekucatshangwa ukuthi ukuhlala ndawonye kwezingcezu zezinkondlo — ezikagesi nezindumezulu — zidluliswa ngomlomo ngolimi lwesiRomance, ngokuhlangana nemibhalo yesiko lakudala lesiLatini.

OkungokomBhalo "ngezilimi ze-Jarcha"

Ngo-1947, isazi solimi lwesiHeberu uSamuel Miklos Stern sembula ubukhona bemibhalo yesandla yangekhulu le-XNUMX leminyaka eCairo. Lezi zaziqukethe izingoma ezithile zolimi ngolimi lwaseMozarabic (olunye lwezilimi ezibizwa ngokuthi "izilimi zeJarcha" ezahlanganiswa kamuva neSpanishi). Kwathi-ke, phakathi nekhulu leshumi nambili neleshumi nantathu, eGalicia izinhlamvu zokuqala zabhalwa ngolimi lwesiGallic nesiPutukezi.

Inkondlo ye-epic ingeyakulesi sikhathi Ingoma yami Cid —Yabhalwa ngeSpanishi yangenkathi ephakathi— yabheka umsebenzi wokuqala omkhulu wezincwadi ngeSpanishi. Ngasikhathi sinye, imibhalo yezinkondlo yavela ngezilimi zomdabu zaseCatalan ezinethonya eliphawulekayo kumaculo e-Occitan troubadours (ulimi lweProvençal).

Izincwadi zaseSpain zeNkathi Ephakathi

Isikhulu sasebukhosini uDon Juan Manuel (1282 - 1348) no umfundisi uJuan Ruiz (1283 - 1350), umpristi omkhulu waseHita, waba ngundabamlonyeni wezincwadi zokuziphatha zangaphambi kwe-Renaissance. Bashiye iziqu ezimbili ezimele izinhlamvu zasendulo: Bala uLucanor y Incwadi enhle yothando, ngokulandelana.

Kamuva, ngekhulu le-XNUMX leminyaka, ukuvela komculo kwavela eCortes de los Reyes. Zibizwa ngokuthi "izincwadi zakudala ezinamasiko", zivela esandleni sababhali abanjengo-Íñigo López de Mendoza (1398 - 1458), uJuan de Mena (1411 - 1456) noJorge Manrique (1440 - 1479). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngasekupheleni kwalelo khulu leminyaka kwakukhona ukuhlanganiswa kwezinkondlo zomdabu kanye nama-anthologies njengoba Ama-ballads amadala y Incwadi Yezingoma yaseStúñiga.

Izincwadi ze-Spanish Renaissance

Ihlanganiswe ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX nguFernando de Rojas, Celestine imele ucezu olubalulekile oluphawulekayo ekuguqulweni kwe-Renaissance. Ngaleso sikhathi, ababhali babegxile kuzindikimba ezihlobene nokufudumala kwabantu, imvelo, izimpi zamasosha, ezombusazwe kanye nezindaba zefilosofi. Phakathi kwemisebenzi nababhali bezincwadi ze-Spanish Renaissance, okulandelayo kugqama:

• Uhlelo lolimi lwesiCastilian (1492), ngu-Antonio de Nebrija (1441 - 1522).
• Ukudumisa ukuhlanya (1511), ngu-Erasmus waseRotterdam (1466 - 1536).
• Qedela imisebenzi. Ukuhlanganiswa okwenziwa nguLorenzo Riber futhi kwashicilelwa ngo-1948 imisebenzi yesazi sefilosofi uJuan Luis Vives (1493 - 1540).

Kamuva kwavela izimbongi ezinkulu ezadlulisela ithonya lesitayela somculo wase-Italy ezinhlamvwini zaseSpain. Phakathi kwabo, uGarcilaso de la Vega (1503 - 1536), kanye nezimbongi zesikole okuthiwa yiPetrarquista School: uHernando de Acuña (1518 - 1580), uGutierre de Cetina (1520 - 1557) noFrancisco de Figueroa (1530 - 1588) ).

Ama-subgenres nezikole zemibhalo yaseSpain zekhulu le-XNUMXth

Maphakathi nekhulu le-1527, isazi semfundiso yenkolo kanye nomlobi wezinkondlo uFray Luis de León (1591 - XNUMX) wasungula isikole saseSalamanca, esasihlukaniswa nesitayela saso esinengqondo nesingaconsi phansi. Ngokufana, odumile uFernando de Herrera (1534 - 1597) wayengumkhiphi omkhulu kunabo bonke esikoleni saseSevillian. Lesi sikhungo sikhonjwe ngezinkulumo ezihlotshisiwe nezindikimba zokuzwela komuntu, ukuthanda izwe nokuhlonipha.

Ngaleso sikhathi, ababhali abazinciphayo bagqama eSpain, benethonya elivelele lezinkolelo-ze zaseYurophu kusukela ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. Imisebenzi yakhe ibizoba isendlalelo senkathi yokuqala enhle yezinhlamvu zaseSpain: iGolden Age. Phakathi kwalezo ziqu, sithola:

• Ukuzivocavoca ngokomoya (1548), nguSan Ignacio de Loyola (Íñigo López de Recalde; 1491 - 1556).
• Izincwadi ezingokomoya zazo zonke izifundazwe (1578), ngu-El Beato Juan de ilavila (1500 - 1569).
• Incwadi yomthandazo nokuzindla (1566) nguFray Luis de Granada (1505 - 1588).
• Impilo kaMama Teresa kaJesu, kusuka eSanta Teresa (Teresa de Cepeda y Ahumada; 1515 - 1582).
• Ingoma engokomoya, kusuka eSan Juan de la Cruz (uJuan de Yépez Álvarez; 1542 - 1591).

Izincwadi zaseSpain ngesikhathi seBaroque

Izazi-mlando njengamanje zilinganisela ukuthi iGolden Age isukela ekufikeni kukaColumbus kuya eNew World (1492) kuze kube sekufeni kuka UPedro Calderon de la Barca (1681). Noma kunjalo, ababhali ababhekisele enkathini yegolide imvamisa bangabaseBaroque (ngaphandle kwababhali bokuzincisha izinto).

Bangabadali bemisebenzi ebanzi ngokwedlulele, egcwele izindima ezi-hyperbolic namazwi athambekele ekwenzeni i-vulgarization. kolwazi (ngaleso sikhathi) lolwazi. Lesi sitayela esichichimayo futhi esihlotshisiwe sihambisana nokuchuma kwezinhlobo ezifana nokubhuqa, amahlaya, inoveli ye-picaresque, kanye neveli yezinkulumo eziningi.

Ababhali abadumile nabadlalwayo beSpanish Golden Age

• UMiguel de Cervantes (1547 - 1616).
• U-Alonso de Ercilla (1533-1594).
• UMateo Alemán (1547 - 1614).
• UFrancisco de Quevedo (1580 - 1645).
• ULuis de Góngora (1561 - 1627).
• ILope de Vega (1562 - 1635).
• UTirso de Molina (1579 - 1648).
• UPedro Calderón de la Barca (1600 - 1681).
• UBaltasar Gracián (1601 - 1658).

Izincwadi zeSpain zekhulu le-XNUMX

Ukukhanyiselwa kanye neNeoclassicism

Eyaziwa nangokuthi "ikhulu lamalambu", kwakuyisikhathi esasiphethwe yimibono esuselwa ekucabangeni, kwisayensi nefilosofi. Ngakho-ke, umoya wokugxeka wanqoba, kanye nomqondo wenjabulo yomuntu osekelwa ukufundiswa nenqubekela phambili. Ngokufanayo, amagama abonisa amazwi alinganiselayo wokubuyela kumanani wangaphambi kwe-Renaissance: ibhalansi yobuhle, ukuvumelana, nemizwa.

Ababhali abafakiwe

• UNicolás Fernández de Moratín (1737 - 1780) nendodana yakhe uLeandro (1760 - 1828).
• UJosé Cadalso (1741 - 1782).
• UGaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (1744 - 1811).
• UJuan Meléndez Valdés (1754 - 1817).

I-Preromanticism

Lesi sigaba sezinhlamvu zaseSpain sigcine izinkombandlela zesitayela seNeoclassicism. Kodwa-ke, ababhali abanjengoSwitzerland uJean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 - 1778) baqala ukufuna ukubaluleka komongo womuntu kunolwazi. Ngale ndlela, ithonya "elibucayi" lombhali waseSwitzerland laba nomthelela kubabhali abadumile baseSpain, phakathi kwabo:

• UJosé Cadalso.
• UManuel José Quintana (1772 - 1857).
• UJosé Marchena (1768 - 1821).
• U-Alberto Lista (1775 - 1848).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNgisi uThomas Chatterton (1752 - 1770) ukhombise indlela yokubhuqa futhi ephikisana nemithetho yendawo yakhe. Ezinye izici zemibhalo ye-pre-romanticism kwakuyizilungiselelo eziyimfihlakalo, inkululeko njengegama lokubuka, kanye nempendulo ezwakalayo phakathi kwezilimi ezahlukahlukene. Eqinisweni, kwakuyinhlangano yezincwadi eyayinabamele cishe kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Nazi ezimbalwa:

• IFrench Louis-Sébastien Mercier (1740 - 1814) kanye no-Anne Louise Germaine Necker, owaziwa kangcono njengoMadame de Staël (1766 - 1817).
• IDenmark Johannes Edwald (1743 - 1781).
• AmaNtaliyane uVittorio Alfieri (1749 - 1803) no-Ippolito Pindemonte (1753 - 1828).
• AmaJalimane uJohan Gottfried Herder (1744 - 1803), uJohann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749 - 1832) noFriedrich Schiller (1759 - 1805).

Izithandani eSpain

Kusukela ngawo-1830s, kwavela ababhali imisebenzi yabo eyayiphikisana ngamabomu nezinkambiso ze-neoclassical. Kwakuyiminyaka yomzabalazo oqhubekayo phakathi kwabalondolozi nabakhululekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlukaniswa kweSpain kulo lonke elaseYurophu kwaholela ekubeni nomuzwa wokubuyela emuva maqondana namazwe athuthukile.

Ngenxa yalokho, lawo maculo asebenza ekuhleleni ezinye izimfuno zomphakathi. Konke kuphakathi kwezindaba ezinothando ezibekwe ezindaweni ezi-shady. Ngendlela efanayo, inkululeko ithatha ukubaluleka okubalulekile emcabangweni wothando lwezithandani. Lapho ububanzi bamathafa nobuhle bemvelo kuyisifaniso senkululeko yokuzikhethela.

Abanye ababhali bezimpawu, izimbongi kanye nababhali bemidlalo yeRoma

• UFrancisco Martínez de la Rosa (1787 - 1862).
• U-lngel de Saavedra (1791 - 1865).
• UFernán Caballero; mbumbulu kaCecilia Francisca Josefa Böhl (1796 - 1877).
• UJosé de Espronceda (1808 - 1842).
• U-Antonio García Gutiérrez (1813 - 1884).
• UJose Zorrilla (1817 - 1893).

Ukuthandana kwamuva

Leli yigama elinikezwe isigamu sesibili sekhulu le-XNUMX, isikhathi sokuguquka phakathi kweRomanticism kanye neRealism yombhalo. Yize inoveli nemidlalo yaseshashalazini iqhubekele ngokushesha emigqeni engokoqobo, izinkondlo zahlala zigxile kokuhle kwezothando. Yini enye, Ukuqanjwa kwavela nenkulumo efingqiwe kanye nomculo oqoshiwe ogqanyiswe ngokwengeziwe ngamasu emethrikhi.

Izimbongi eziningi ezifanele zothando lwaseSpain sekwephuzile

• URamón de Campoamor (1817 - 1901).
• UGaspar Núñez de Arce (1834 - 1903).
• U-Augusto Ferrán (1835 - 1880).
• UGustavo Adolfo Becquer (1836 - 1870).
• URosalía de Castro (1837 - 1885).

Ukubhekana Namaqiniso

Ngemuva kokubuyiselwa kuka-1875, ezincwadini - nasendalweni yobuciko kukonke - ukubabazeka kwezobuciko kwakungathandeki. Ngakho-ke, izingoma zathola amathoni okulondolozwa angavezi izingqinamba eziningi ezikhona (ikakhulukazi onxiwankulu). Khonamanjalo, iqembu elibusayo lazama ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuqala ekubhekisweni kwesizwe ngezimboni.

Ababhali abaningi abavelele

• UJuan Valera (1824 - 1905).
• UPedro Antonio de Alarcón (1833 - 1891).
• UJosé María de Pereda (1833 - 1906).
• UBenito Pérez Galdós (1843 - 1920).
• U-Emilia Pardo Bazán (1851 - 1921).
• Leopoldo Maye "Clarín" (1852 - 1901).
• U-Armando Palacio Baldés (1853 - 1938).
• UJoaquín Dicenta (1862 - 1917).

Isimanjemanje

Izici

• Kutholakala ngokulandelana kweminyaka phakathi kuka-1880 no-1917.
• Ukungahloniphi okudala.
• Ukuguqulwa kwesitayela kolimi nokwakheka kwemethrikhi.
• Ungeneme nge-elite bourgeois.

Abalobi

Isizukulwane sama-98

• Miguel de Unamuno (1864 - 1936).
• U-lngel Ganivet García (1865 - 1898).
• URamón del Valle-Inclán (1866 - 1936).
• UJacinto Benavente (1866 - 1954).
• UVicente Blasco Ibáñez (1867 - 1928).
• URamón Menéndez Pidal (1869 - 1968).
• Abafowethu baseBaroja: URicardo (1871 - 1953) noPío (1872 - 1956).
• UJosé Martínez Ruíz "Azorín" (1873 - 1967).
• URamiro de Maeztu (1874 - 1936).
• U-Antonio Machado (1875 - 1939).
• U-Enrique de Mesa (1878 - 1929).

Isizukulwane sika-1914 - Novecentismo

• UManuel Azaña (1880 - 1940).
• URamón Pérez de Ayala (1880 - 1962).
• UJuan Ramón Jiménez (1881 - 1958). UPlatero nami.
• UJosé Ortega y Gasset (1883 - 1955).
• UGregorio Marañón (1887 - 1960).
• UGabriel Miró (1879 - 1930).
• URamón Gómez de la Serna (1888 - 1963).

Okunye ukubonakaliswa kwemibhalo kwaseSpain kwekhulu lama-XNUMX

Isizukulwane sama-27

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le nhlangano ye-avant-garde yayihlanganisa obunye ubuciko, ngaphandle kwezincwadi. Izici ezimbili ezicace bha ubuhlobo obuseduze bomuntu siqu obuthuthukiswe phakathi kwamalungu ayo nobubanzi bezitayela. Kulungile ababhali bayo abazange bayilahle inkambiso yamasiko abayithola ku-Golden Age futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, bekwazile ukuhlanganisa izinto ze-surrealism neopopularism.

Izimbongi ezaziwa kakhulu zeGeneration of '27

• UPedro Salinas (1891 - 1951).
• U-Adriano del Valle (1895 - 1957).
• UManuel Altolaguirre (1905 - 1959).
• UJuan José Domenchina (1898 - 1959).
• UFederico García Lorca (1898 - 1936).
• U-Emilio Prados (1899 - 1962).
• ULuis Cernuda (1902 - 1963).
• UJorge Guillén (1893 - 1984).
• UVicente Aleixandre (1898 - 1984).
• UGerardo Diego (1896-1987).
• UDámaso Alonso (1898-1990).
• URafael Alberti (1902-1999).
• UPedro García Cabrera (1905 - 1981).
• UMiguel Hernández (1910 - 1942).

Inoveli yangemuva kwempi yaseSpain

Kwakhiwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaFranco (1939 - 1972) eSpain. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lokhu kubonakaliswa kwemibhalo kuhlukaniswe kwaba izigaba ezintathu: inoveli ekhona (1940s), inoveli yezenhlalo (1950s) kanye noveli yokwakha (kusukela ngo-1970).

Eminye yemisebenzi emele kakhulu nababhali

• Nada (1945), nguCarmen Laforet (1921 - 2004).
• Umthunzi we-cypress unwetshiwe (1948), nguMiguel Delibes (1920 - 2010).
• Izinyosi (1951), nguCamilo José Cela (1916 - 2002).
• Isondo le-ferris (1951), nguLuis Romero (1916 - 2009).
• Izihlahla zeCypress zikholelwa kuNkulunkulu (1953), nguJosé María Gironella (1917 - 2003).
• Izikhathi zokuthula (1961), nguLuis Martín Santos (1924 - 1964).

Ubuqiniso Bomlingo WaseLatin American

Le nhlangano yavela maphakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX eLatin America. Ihlukaniswa ngemininingwane yayo yobuhle kanye nombono ozama ukukhombisa okungelona iqiniso noma okungajwayelekile njengendaba eyiqiniso neyansuku zonke. Lapho kungekho khona ukuvezwa kwemizwa okuphakeme noma i-idiosyncrasy ethile yeLatin American lapho ubhekene nezimo ezicindezelayo.

Ama-exponents amakhulu

• U-Arturo Uslar Pietri (Venezuela).
• UGabriel García Márquez (eColombia).
• UJuan Rulfo, uCarlos Fuentes, u-Elena Garro, uLaura Esquivel, uRodolfo Naró noFelipe Montes (eMexico).
• UJorge Amado (waseBrazil).
• UMiguel Ángel Asturias (eGuatemala).
• UDemetrio Aguilera Malta noJosé de la Cuadra (e-Ecuador).
• UMireya Robles (eCuba).
• U-Isabel Allende (waseChile).
• UManuel Mujica Lainez (wase-Argentina).

Okwakudala kwezincwadi zaseSpain

• Bala uLucanornguDon Juan Manuel.
• CelestinenguFernando Rojas.
• UCoplas ekufeni kukayisenguJorge Manrique.
• UZazarillo de Tormes (ongaziwa).
• UMnumzane Onobuhlakani uDon Quijote waseLa Manchangu-Miguel de Cervantes.
• UmthomboovejunanguLope de Vega.
• Impilo IphuphonguPedro Calderón de la Barca.
• UDon Juan TenorionguJosé Zorrilla.
• ImilolotelonguGustavo Adolfo Bécquer.
• UFortunata noJacintanguBenito Pérez Galdós.
• Izikhathi zokuhlalangu-Antonio Machado.
• Izibani zeBohemiannguRamón del Valle-Inclán.
• USanta Manuel Bueno, umfel 'ukholongu-Miguel de Unamuno.
• Indlu kaBernarda AlbanguFederico García Lorca.
• Abangcwele Abamsulwangu-Miguel Delibes.
• Iminyaka eyikhulu yedwanguGabriel García Márquez
• Umuzi Nezinjangu-Mario Vargas Llosa.
• Njengamanzi woShokoledinguLaura Esquivel.