USusan Sontag

Esikweni lesimanje laseMelika kunezibalo ezimbalwa ezinomsebenzi oyimpumelelo ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zokukhiqiza ubuciko nemibhalo njengoSusan Sontag. Kuyo yonke impilo yakhe, ungqondongqondo omangalisayo waseNew York wokhokho bamaJuda wayengumbhali, isazi sefilosofi, isishoshovu esimelene nempi, umqondisi wamafilimu, umdidiyeli wemidlalo yaseshashalazini, umdwebi wesikrini nothisha.

Kunjalo, Ingxenye yemibhalo kaSontag yiyona eyaqashelwa kakhulu ngenxa yamanoveli akhe, izindaba ezimfishane, imibhalo engeyona enganekwane, ikakhulukazi, nezindatshana zakhe ezibucayi.. Akubanga yize, umsebenzi wakhe wahlukaniswa ne-Jerusalem Prize for Literature (2001), iNkosana yase-Asturias Yezincwadi (zabiwe, ngo-2003) kanye Nomklomelo Wokuthula we-German Book Trade (2003).

I-Biography

USusan Sontag wazalwa ngoJanuwari 16, 1933 eNew York, NY, eU.SA. Wakhulela emndenini wamaJuda aseMelika ophethwe nguJack Rosenblatt, umhwebi woboya owashona (ngesifo sofuba) eShayina ngo-1938. yena nodadewabo uJudith bashintsha isibongo lapho umama wabo, uMildred Jacobsen, eshada noKaputeni we-Air Force uNathan Sontag. e 1945.

Izifundo nemisebenzi yokuqala

Ngenxa yesifuba sikaSusan esincane, umndeni waphoqeleka ukuba usuke eNew York uye kwamanye amadolobha anesimo sezulu esifudumele. Umndeni wakwaSontag uqale wathuthela eTucson, e-Arizona ngaphambi kokuzinza eLos Angeles. Laphaya, Uthole iziqu eNorth Hollywood High School ngo-1948. Wabe eseqala imfundo yakhe ephakeme eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia eBerkeley.

Ngo 1949, USontag udluliselwe eNyuvesi yaseChicago, wathweswa iziqu ze- isiqu esiphezulu Ifilosofi (1951). Kamuva, i-Sontag yathola iziqu ezimbili ze-master e-Harvard University, i-English Literature (1954) ne-Philosophy (1955). Ngokufanayo, izihlakaniphi zaseMelika zafundisa Ifilosofi ezindlini ezihlukahlukene zemfundo ephakeme—ngaphandle kwalezi ezimbili esezishiwo—njengeYunivesithi yaseParis neNyuvesi yase-Oxford.

Umshado kanye nobudlelwano bomuntu siqu

Ngesikhathi ehlala e-Illinois, u-Sontag oneminyaka engu-17 ubudala washada nesazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu kanye nomgxeki wamasiko uPhillip Rieff, ngemva kwe-idyll yezinsuku eziyishumi kuphela. Le nyunyana yadonsa iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili futhi inendodana, uDavid Rieff, okumanje ungumhlaziyi wezepolitiki owaziwayo, intatheli kanye nomgxeki wamasiko. Uzakwabo olandelayo—phakathi kuka-1957 no-1958—wayengumbhali kanye nemodeli yamaciko uHarriet Sohmers.

Futhi, uSontag wayenguzakwethu wombhali wemidlalo waseCuba-American uMaría Irene Fornés. Lobu budlelwano bungaba ukhiye ekuqalweni okusemthethweni ekubhaleni kokubili; endabeni kaSusan, kwaqondana nokushicilelwa kwe UMlungisi (1963). Kamuva, umlobi waseMelika wagcina ukuthandana phakathi kokuphela 70s futhi ekuqaleni 80s ne imbongi Russian uJoseph Brodsky.

Iminyaka edlule

Ngo 1976, USontag watholakala enomdlavuza webele. isipiliyoni esinzima yokwelashwa kwakho ibonakala ibonakala ngokukhazimulayo ecaleni Ukugula nezingathekiso zabo (okuningiliziwe kamuva ku Ingculazi nezingathekiso zayo). Ngalesi sikhathi, ungqondongqondo waseNew York wayesevele eqondise amafilimu ambalwa futhi wayesebizwe njengelungu le-American Academy of Letters.

Ngo 1988, USontag wahlangana nomthwebuli wezithombe u-Annie Leibovitz, aba nobuhlobo bobulili naye kwaze kwaba sekufeni kukaSusan. Ekugcineni, isifo se-myelodysplastic syndrome ayenaso saholela ku-leukemia futhi sabangela ukufa kwakhe ngo-December 28, 2004. Naphezu kokugula kwakhe nokucindezela kwabezindaba, akazange awuyeke umsebenzi wakhe wokulwa nempi phakathi neminyaka yakhe yokugcina.

Ukuhlaziywa kwezincwadi zikaSusan Sontag

Izihloko Ezihloliwe

e 1964, umlobi waseMelika owanyathelisa "Amanothi Ekamu", indaba ngokugxila okuyingqayizivele emphakathini wezitabane eYurophu nase-United States. Lo msebenzi wamukelwe kahle kakhulu abagxeki abakhethekile futhi ubonisa izici eziningi zesitayela sika-Sontag. Okusho ukuthi, indlela ejulile yefilosofi ezicini ezihlukahlukene zesihloko esiphathwayo kanye nomthelela esikweni lesimanje.

Ungqondongqondo waseMelika futhi Wabhala ngemidlalo yaseshashalazini, icinema kanye nezibalo ezifana nombhali uNathalie Sarraute, umqondisi uRobert Bresson kanye nomdwebi uFrancis Bacon. Ngaphezu kokugxekwa nenganekwane, wabhala imibhalo futhi wahlela ukukhethwa kwemibhalo kaRoland Barthes no-Antonin Artaud. Eminye yemibhalo nezinkulumo zakhe zokugcina zaqoqwa phakathi Ngasikhathi sinye: Izindatshana Nezinkulumo (2007).

imibhalo ephikisanayo

Umsebenzi kaSontag wawukhungethwe izingxabano. Ngalo mqondo, abaphikisi bakhe bakhomba ikakhulukazi izinkulumo zakhe zezombangazwe ezivuna ohulumeni bamaKhomanisi ngeminyaka yawo-60 nawo-70. Uma kubhekwa umongo weMpi Yomshoshaphansi wangaleso sikhathi—yize kamuva washintsha ukuma kwakhe—uzwela olunjalo “ngezitha zaseMelika” lwabangela isiyaluyalu kwabezindaba.

Noma kunjalo, umbhali waseNew York wahlala evikelekile enzondweni. Eqinisweni, uqhubekile nokushicilela imibhalo engelona iqiniso okwaxoxwa ngayo kakhulu yimikhakha yepolitiki nomphakathi waseMelika. Phakathi kwalezi zincwadi, gqama Lapho I-Stress Falls (2001) futhi Mayelana Nobuhlungu Babanye (2003).

Ukubonga nokuzibophezela ngokumelene nempi

Izingosi eziningi zemibhalo ye-Anglo-Saxon zilinganisela lokho U-Alice embhedeni (1993) iyisiqephu esimangalisa kakhulu emsebenzini ka-Sontag. Noma kunjalo, indlela yakhe yaseshashalazini ekhumbuleka kakhulu kwaba Ilinde uGodot, nguSamuel Beckett, wethulwa eSarajevo phakathi neMpi YaseBalkan. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, wenziwa isakhamuzi esihloniphekile saseSarajevo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, USontag uthole i-a Umklomelo Kazwelonke Wezincwadi (Indondo Yencwadi Kazwelonke) yenoveli yakhe In neMelika (2000). Kodwa-ke, lowo mklomelo awuzange umvimbe ekutholeni ukugxekwa okuqinile ngokuphikisana nokuhlasela kwamasosha ase-US eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Ngenxa yalokho, wayehloswe emkhankasweni wokulwa nezinkampani ezazimxhasa noma ezishicilele imibhalo yakhe.

Kucashunwe engxoxweni kaSotang noRolling Stone

Le nhlolokhono yenziwa ngo-1978. Okuncane kwakho konke kwaxoxwa ngakho, kodwa kwagcizelelwa ikakhulukazi ekuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kwakamuva ngomdlavuza.. Phakathi kwemibono eyethulwe, lokhu kuboniswa nguSotang kuyagqama:

«Engikufunayo wukuba khona ngokugcwele empilweni yami, ukuba lapho ngikhona, ngibe nesikhathi sami nami empilweni yami, nginake umhlaba wonke. Futhi nginguye ifakiwe emhlabeni Angiyena umhlaba, umhlaba awufani nami, kodwa ngikuwo futhi ngiyakunaka. Yilokho okwenziwa ababhali: qaphela umhlaba. Ngoba ngimelene kakhulu nombono we-solipsistic wokuthi uthola yonke into ekhanda lakho. Akunjalo, kunomhlaba wangempela laphaya, noma ngabe ukuwo noma awukho."

Umsebenzi obhaliwe kaSusan Sontag (ngeSpanishi)

Novelas

• Umzuzi (1963);
• Icala lokufa (1967);
• umthandi wentabamlilo (1992);
• EMelika (1999);

Indaba

• mina njll (1977).

I-eseyi neminye imibhalo engelona iqiniso

• Ngokumelene nokuhumusha nezinye izindatshana (1966);
• Izitayela ze-Radical (1969);
• Mayelana nezithombe (1977);
• Ukugula nezingathekiso zabo (1978);
• Ngaphansi kwesibonakaliso sikaSaturn (1980);
• Ingculazi nezingathekiso zayo (1988);
• Mayelana nobuhlungu babanye (2003).

Okushicilelwe ngemuva kokufa

• Ngesikhathi esifanayo. Izindatshana nezingqungquthela (2007);
• indaba yokugcizelela (2007). Isivivinyo;
• amadayari okuqala (2011)
• Isitatimende. izinganekwane eziqoqiwe (2018). Ukuhlanganisa izindaba;
• Unembeza uboshelwe enyameni. amadayari avuthiwe (2014).