Igama elithi Pio Baroja
UPío Baroja y Nessi wayengumbhali owazalwa eSan Sebastián, eSpain, ngoDisemba 28, 1872, engowalokho okubizwa ngokuthi isizukulwane sika-98. Indaba yombhali waseSan Sebastian ayijwayelekile, njengoba athola iziqu zobudokotela. ngaphambi kokuzinikela ngokuphelele emsebenzini wakhe wokubhala. Nakuba ebuye wazinikela emdlalweni weshashalazi, le noveli iwuhlobo olulandisayo olumenze waziwa.
Ngokunjalo Izincwadi zeBaroja ziyakhombisa izici ezine ezimele ukuthambekela kwakhe kwefilosofi nezepolitiki: ukungabaza, i-anticlericalism, ubuntu obungenathemba kanye ne-anarchism. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi wombhali wesi-Basque ubonisa izintandokazi eziphikisayo ezicacile-okuqinisekiswe inkulumo ehlanganisiwe-kanye nentukuthelo ekude kude namaqiniso.
Indaba kaPío Baroja
izici zesitayela
- Ukubhala ngemisho ephathekayo futhi kude nanoma iyiphi imfundo
- ubulula obuvezayo
- Ukukhethwa kwezibaluli ezibaluleke kakhulu zomuntu noma into (igraphic impressionism) esikhundleni sencazelo enemininingwane.
- Iphimbo eliqinile elibonakala ngokusebenzisa ulwazimagama oluhlukanisa umongo kanye nezilungiselelo ezihambisana nesimo sombhali sokungabi nathemba.
- Ukuba khona kwama-eseyi amafushane ashumekwe phakathi nendaba exoxwayo ukuze kuthathwe eminye yemibono ethile yombhali.
- Ukufingqa kwesikhathi nendawo (kuzuzwe ngesivinini sokulandisa), esivumela ukuhlanganisa yonke impilo yomuntu noma izizukulwane.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezahluko ezimfushane
- Izingxoxo ezingokwemvelo nezezingxoxo.
- Ukunemba kolimi; isici ngasinye sinemininingwane ngamagama aqondile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukufunda okuguquguqukayo nokujabulisayo kwemibhalo.
(ngokungafanele) ukuhlukaniswa kwezincwadi zakhe
I-Pío Baroja wahlela (ngendlela ethize engahlelekile) izincwadi zakhe ezilotshiwe zaba izingxenye ezintathu ezithathu kanye namathetralogies amabili. Phakathi kwalawo masethi, "Saturnalia" kwakuwuchungechunge olwanyatheliswa cishe ngokuphelele ngemva kokushona kukaBaroja, okwenzeka eMadrid, ngo-October 30, 1956.
Lesi simo senzeka ukuze kugwenywe ukungqubuzana nokuhlolwa kwe-Francoist (ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezihlobene neMpi Yombango). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izincwadi eziyisikhombisa zokugcina ezaqedwa iBaroja zithathwa njengamanoveli axegayo, njengoba bengeyona ingxenye yokuhlukaniswa okuklanywe umlobi. Amaqembu okukhulunywa ngawo yilawa:
umhlaba we-basque
- Izindlu e- Aizgori (1900)
- Le yindawo ka Labraz (1903)
- UZalacaín umgibeli (1908)
- Inganekwane kaJaun de Alzate (1922).
impilo emnandi
- Izigigaba, okuqanjiwe kanye nokungaqondakali kwe-Silvestre Paradox (1901)
- Indlela yokuphelela (inkanuko eyimfihlakalo) (1901)
- indida inkosi (1906).
Umzabalazo wempilo
- Ukusesha (1904)
- Ukhula olubi (1904)
- ukuntwela kokusa okubomvu (1904).
Esidlule
- Ukubukisa kwabahlakaniphileyo (1905)
- ezokugcina zothando (1906)
- Izinhlekelele ezibuhlungu (1907).
Umjaho
- intokazi ezulazulayo (1908)
- Idolobha lenkungu (1909)
- Isihlahla sesayensi (1911).
Imizi
- Khesari noma lutho (1910)
- umhlaba unjalo (1912)
- Inkanuko ehlanekezelwe: ama-eseyi anothando owesilisa onganangqondo enkathini yokonakala (1920).
Ulwandle
- Ukukhathazeka kukaShanti Andía (1911)
- I-labyrinth yama-mermaids (1923)
- Abashayeli bezindiza ukuphakama (1929)
- Inkanyezi kaCaptain Chimista (1930).
izinsizi zesikhathi sethu
- Isivunguvungu esikhulu somhlaba (1926)
- Izimo zenhlanhla (1927)
- uthando late (1926).
ihlathi elimnyama
- Umndeni ka-Errotacho (1932)
- isiphepho (1932)
- Ababoni (1932).
intsha elahlekile
- Ubusuku be-Good Retreat (1934)
- Umpristi waseMonleón (1936)
- carnival madness (1937).
Saturnalia
- umculi ohambahambayo (1950)
- usizi lwempi (2006)
- Izifiso zenhlanhla (2015).
amanoveli axegayo
- USusana kanye nama-flycatchers (1938)
- U-Laura noma isizungu esingenathemba (1939)
- Izolo nanamuhla (yanyatheliswa eChile ngo-1939)
- I-Knight of Erlaiz (1943)
- Ibhuloho lemiphefumulo (1944)
- Ihhotela Swan (1946)
- umculi ohambahambayo (1950).
I-Pío Baroja
Amazwibela wezinye zezincwadi eziyizifanekiselo kakhulu ze-Pío Baroja
Le yindawo ka Labraz (1903)
Yinoveli esethwe endaweni yasemakhaya yase-Álava phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX. Kuye, UBaroja ulandisa njengochungechunge idrama yomndeni omayorazgo yawo idlalwa uDon Juan de Labrazimpumputhe. Lona wakamuva ubona ukuthula kwedolobha lakubo kushintsha lapho udadewabo uCesárea ebuyela edolobheni kanye nomyeni wakhe ongathembekile, uRamiro, obangela ubutha phakathi kwabazalwane.
URamiro uqala ngokuyenga uMarina—indodakazi kankosikazi—bese kuba udadewabo kadadewabo uMicaela., ahlela naye ukusheshisa ukufa kukaCesárea (onempilo ebuthaka) futhi abaleke ngemva kokweba ezinye izinsalela zesonto. Kamuva, uRosarito, indodakazi kaRamiro noCesárea, naye uyafa. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uDon Juan kumelwe abekezelele inhlebo enjalo endaweni yamasiko aqinile nangokwesiko.
Ukusesha (1904)
Ilinganiselwa ngosomlando njengenye yezincwadi ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-Baroja, Ukusesha Itholakala ezindaweni ezimpofu kakhulu eMadrid. Lapho, UManuel, umlingisi oyinhloko, ubhekana nokungahlaliseki njalo ngoba kunzima kakhulu kuye ukuthola umsebenzi ozinzile. Kodwa, naphezu kobunzima bokuphila kwansuku zonke nokuba sengozini okukhona, akalokothi alahlekelwe ithemba lokuzakhela impilo engcono.
Isihlahla sesayensi (1911)
Kuwumsebenzi owaziwa kakhulu wombhali waseSpain—okunzima kakhulu ukuwuhlanganisa ngamagama ambalwa—kanye ihlolisisa ngokujulile le mithetho yefilosofi elandelayo:
- Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwe-positivism kanye ne-vitalism; ifakwe abalingiswa ababili abamaphakathi endabeni: u-Andrés Hurtado nomalume u-Iturrioz.
- Andrew (positivist) ithembela entuthukweni yesayensi njengempendulo ezinkingeni zokuba khona komuntu.
- I-Iturrioz (vitalist), ibonisa ukuthambekela emithethweni kaNietzsche ekhuthaza ukulahlwa kwezindinganiso zobuKristu nobuJuda.
- ukungabi nathemba kwengqondo, imibono eyandile eYurophu ngenxa yokugxeka kuka-Immanuel Kant ngenkululeko ye-Ideas of Reason (uNkulunkulu, umphefumulo nomhlaba).
- Impendulo ivela ku- Arthur Schopenhauer: ulwazi lwesayensi luyaphikisana nencazelo yempilo yomuntu ngamunye.
- Umlayezo we-nihilistic ekugcineni: ukufa komuntu kuletha ukufa kwe-Universe.
Ubusuku bokuthatha umhlalaphansi omuhle (1934)
Kule noveli, i-Baroja igxile endikimbeni yakudala ekhona: ubufushane bempilo. Ngoba, umbhali uvusa inkundla yeMadrid ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, ebonakala emphakathini we-bohemian ogcwele ukungalingani. Ngokunjalo, le ncwadi ikhombisa uchungechunge lwabalingiswa abaphikisanayo, ebunyeni nabanomunyu endaweni ethatha izinga lamasiko lomuntu ngamunye njengelingenamsebenzi.
Esinye isici esigqamayo sale noveli ukusetshenziswa kwenganekwane exoxwayo exutshwe nemvelo yemibuthano eminingi yomphakathi ethuthukiswe embhalweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkumbulo zobusha zenza umuzwa wokulangazelela kubalingiswa bendaba, owakha isibopho esikhethekile e-Buen Retiro Gardens.
