I-Pío Baroja wazalelwa eSan Sebastián ngo-1872 y washona eMadrid ngo-1956. Igama lakhe eligcwele kwakungu UPío Baroja noNessi (Wayenelinye lalawo magama angakhohlwa).
Ngifunda ubudokotela eMadrid naseValencia, into eyayingahlangene nakancane nezincwadi futhi eyibiza ngethisisi yakhe yobudokotela "Ubuhlungu, isifundo se-psychophysical". Eminye yemisebenzi yakhe ngaphambi kwezincwadi yayinjengombhaki nomfowabo ebhikawozi lomndeni kanye neminyaka emi-2 njengodokotela eGuipúzcoa.
Umngani wakhe wokuqala ohlobene nomhlaba wokubhala kwaba I-AzorinKusukela aqala lobu bungani, unikela ngesikhathi sakhe ngokuphelele ekubhaleni nasezincwadini ngokujwayelekile.
Iqiniso lokuthi wayengumhambi omkhulu limnikeze umbono ovulekile kokuzilibazisa kwakhe nokusebenza ezincwadini. Wavakashela amadolobha amaningi eSpain naseYurophu, IParis ingenye yezindawo ezivakashelwa kakhulu umbhali waseSpain. Ngokuqala kwe- Impi yezikhali, UPío Baroja unquma ukupakisha izikhwama zakhe abeke elibangise eFrance ukusuka lapho abuya khona ngo-1940.
Labo ababemazi bathi umbhali waseBasque wayenakho impela eqondisiwe. Wayenamahloni futhi ngandlela thile Uwedwa, mhlawumbe isizathu sokuthi kungani engazi uthando olusemthethweni.
Imibhalo yesizukulwane sika '98
Fue umbhali omkhulunjengoba ebhala ukushaya amanoveli angaphezu kwama-60 (amanye ama-trilogies) nezindaba eziningi. Wabhala ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezihloko: kusuka kuma-eseyi, ama-biographies, izinkondlo, imidlalo yaseshashalazini, ukulandisa kanye nezincwadi zememori.
Uma siqhubeka nokuya ezincwadini zakhe, singahlukanisa umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala ngezigaba ezi-3 ezihlukene:
- Isigaba sokuqala: Amakhava kusuka ngo-1900 kuya ku-1914. Phakathi nale minyaka eyi-14, uBaroja wabhala amanoveli amele kakhulu esizukulwane sama-98. Amanye ama-trilogies akhe ayenjalo "Umhlaba waseBasque", eyakhiwe ngamanoveli "Indlu ka-Aizgorri", "El mayorazgo de Labraz" y "UZalacaín umgibeli"; enye trilogy kwaba "Impilo emnandi" lapho sithola khona imibhalo "I-Adventures, ukusungulwa kanye nokwaziswa kweSilvestre Paradox", "Indlela yokuphelela" y "Indida, nkosi"; esinye isihloko "Umshikashika wokuphila" efaka enye yamanoveli adume kakhulu kaBaroja, "Ukusesha" kanye "Ukhula olubi" y "I-Aurora ebomvu". Owokugcina wama-trilogies akhe kusukela kulesi sikhathi sokuqala kwaba "Umjaho" eyenziwe nge "Isihlahla Sokwazi", "Inkosikazi Ezulazulayo" y "Idolobha lenkungu". Eminye imisebenzi eyaziwa kahle esingayifaka kulesi sigaba kwakungu "Khesari noma lutho", "Ukukhathazeka kukaShanti Andía" y "Umhlaba ukhona".
- Isigaba sesibili: Ihambisana neminyaka phakathi kuka-1914 no-1936. Kulesi sigaba sesibili singathola incwadi enesihloko esithi "Inkanuko ehlanekezelwe" futhi amanoveli amathathu kwamane aqoqwe ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Ulwandle", bekuyini, "I-labyrinth of siren", "Abashayeli bezindiza bokuphakama" y "Inkanyezi kaCaptain Chimista". Kulesi sigaba sesibili singathola ngaphezu kwakho konke imisebenzi yomlando njengoba kunjalo ngokuqoqwa kwamanoveli angama-22 aziwa ngokuthi "Izikhumbuzo Zendoda Eyenziwayo" ibhalwe phakathi kuka-1913 no-1935.
- Isigaba sesithathu: Kusuka ngonyaka ka-1936, UBaroja uhlushwa okuthile ukwehla kwemibhalo futhi unikezela umbhalo wakhe kuphela kwizikhumbuzo zakhe, okuphelele Imiqulu engu-7 waziwa ngo "Kusukela ethangeni lokugcina", yabhalwa kusukela ngo-1944 kuya ku-1949.
Izici zomsebenzi kaPío Baroja
KuPío Baroja singasho ukuthi lezi zici ngokuvamile zenzeka cishe kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe:
- Ukushelela kwe ukudala uhlamvu.
- Isiteji esihle nesimo sabalingiswa entuthukweni ngayinye yemisebenzi.
- Into ejwayelekile cishe kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe: the ukulungiswa kabi kwezinhlamvu zabo. Cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi bangama-nonconformist abalwela futhi bahlubuke ngalokho abanakho okufanele bakuphile, kube noshintsho emphakathini, njll. Bangabalingiswa "abakhathele ukuphila" futhi abanathemba.
- Uveza ezincwadini zakhe ukuthi iqiniso lesikhathi (Leli phuzu livamile kubo bonke ababhali besizukulwane sama-98).
- Izincwadi zakhe zakhiwa imisho emifushane, isilulumagama esilula, ngaphandle kwemihlobiso eminingi kakhulu, ...
- Sus novelas zaziziningi kakhulu enengqondo futhi inhloso enkulu. Noma kunjalo, ukulandisa kwayo bekuvulekile futhi kuhlukaniswa, kufinyelelwa ngaphezu kwazo zonke izingxoxo zabalingiswa bayo.
- Emisebenzini yakhe singathola ama-adventures, ama-anecdotes, izingqikithi zefilosofi futhi futhi ngokwengqondo.
Eminye yemibhalo yakhe yokubhala
Ngezansi ungafunda ucezu olufushane lomsebenzi wakhe "Intsha, ukuzazisa", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1917:
"Ezincwadini zami, njengakuzo zonke izincwadi zesimanje, kunenkungu yokulwa nempilo kanye nomphakathi ...
Esokuqala besilokhu siyindawo evamile yezazi zefilosofi. Impilo ayinangqondo, impilo kunzima ukuyigaya, impilo injengesifo, iningi lefilosofi lisho.
Nginesiqiniseko sokuthi impilo ayiyinhle futhi ayimbi, ifana neMvelo: iyadingeka. Umphakathi ofanayo awumuhle futhi awubi. Kubi kumuntu ongasinaki isikhathi sakhe; kuhle kulabo abahambisana nemvelo.
Umuntu omnyama angahamba enqunu ehlathini lapho ithonsi ngalinye lamanzi lifakwa kwizigidi zamagciwane kamalaleveva, lapho kunezinambuzane eziluma zazo zikhuphula amathumba nalapho izinga lokushisa likhuphukela ngaphezu kwamazinga angamashumi amahlanu emthunzini.
Umuntu waseYurophu, ojwayele impilo evikelekile yedolobha, ngaphambi kokufa kwendalo efana naleyo eshisayo, engenazo izindlela zokuzivikela.
Umuntu kumele abe nokuzwela akudingayo ngesikhathi sakhe kanye nemvelo yakhe; uma unokuncane, uzophila njengomncane; uma enesidingo, uzophila njengomuntu okhulile; uma enokuningi, uzogula ”.
Imisho nezingcaphuno ezidumile zikaPío Baroja
Okulandelayo, ungafunda imishwana nezingcaphuno ezashiwo uPío Baroja, owayengenazinwele olimini uma kukhulunywa ngokukhuluma kahle nangokugwetshwa (ngiyamdumisa):
- "Iziphukuphuku kuphela ezinabangani abaningi. Inani elikhulu labangane liphawula izinga eliphakeme ku-dynamometer yobuphukuphuku ”.
- “Iqiniso alinakugqitshwa. Eqinisweni akunakubakhona ama-nuances. Eqinisweni elincane noma emangeni, abaningi ”.
- Ukucaca kwesayensi kuyadingeka; kodwa ezincwadini, cha. Ukubona ngokucacile kuyifilosofi. Bona ngokusobala emfihlakalweni izincwadi. Yilokho uShakespeare, uCervantes, uDickens, uDostoiewski abakwenza… ”.
- "I-Psychoanalysis yi-cubism yomuthi."
- "Ngikholwa wukuthi abantu, uma behlakaniphile futhi bejwayelekile ngokuphelele, akufanele bazenze abantu abaxakile nabangajwayelekile, ngoba bafika ebuqilini obabusunguliwe."
- “Uma kwenzeka uthola noma yimuphi umthetho, qaphela ungazami ukuwusebenzisa. Uthole umthetho… kwanele. Ngoba uma lo mthetho ungowenyama futhi uzama ukuwusebenzisa emshinini, uzokhubeka ezintweni eziluhlaza; futhi uma kuwumthetho wezenhlalo, uzohlangabezana nesihluku samadoda ”.
- “Ngempela angazi noma ngobulungiswa noma cha, angibabongi ubuhlakani, ngoba uyabona ukuthi baningi abantu abakhaliphile emhlabeni. Futhi akumangazi ukuthi kukhona abantu abanememori, noma ngabe bakhulu kangakanani futhi babaluleke kangakanani, noma ukuthi kukhona ama-calculator; Okungimangaza kakhulu ubuhle, futhi ngisho lokhu ngaphandle kokuzenzisa ”.
- “Izincwadi azikwazi ukuveza yonke into emnyama empilweni. Isizathu esikhulu ukuthi izincwadi ziyakhetha kanti impilo ayikhethi ”.
- “Umhlaba, kithina, ungabamele, njengoba uSchopenhauer ayevame ukusho; akulona iqiniso eliphelele, kepha kuwukubonakaliswa kwemibono ebalulekile ”.
- "Uma usumdala, uthanda ukuphinda ufunde kakhudlwana kunokufunda."
ngo-1872 - 1956