Isihlahla sesayensi.
Hlanganisa inoveli efana Isihlahla sesayensi I-de Pío Baroja akuyona neze into elula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isihloko (ngoJuni 11, 2019) sewebhusayithi espaciolibros.com siyakufanelekela "njengesihlangu semibhalo" ukwenza isifinyezo saso esigcwele. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, uJosé Carlos Saranda uyakuqinisekisa: “isifinyezo asisoze sathatha isikhundla sokufundwa komsebenzi ngokuzolile nangaphansi kuka Isihlahla sesayensi".
Kuwebhusayithi yakhe (2015), uSaranda uqinisekisa ubuqiniso bezincwadi zombhali - yize isikhathi sesihambile - kumongo womphakathi wanamuhla. Le ncwadi yembula izingxenye zomlando kaPío Baroja, esinye sezimpawu zeGeneration of 98. Amagama akhe abonisa izimo ezinzima ezazitholwe eSpain ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Ukuhlanganiswa komlando womlobi, uPío Baroja
UPío Baroja y Nessi wazalelwa eSan Sebastián (eSpain), ngoDisemba 28, 1872. Uyise kwakunguSerafín Baroja, unjiniyela wezimayini; umama wakhe, u-Andrea Nessi (odabuka e-Italiya ovela esifundeni saseLombardy). UPío wayengowesithathu kubafowabo abathathu: UDarío (1869 - 1894), uRicardo (1870 - 1953); kanye nodade, uCarmen (1884 - 1949). Yize ethweswe iziqu zobudokotela kwezokwelapha e-Central University, wawushiya lo mkhuba walimaza ukubhala.
Kodwa-ke, okuningi kwalokhu okuhlangenwe nakho njengodokotela (nezinye izindawo zokuhlala lapho ayehlala khona), kuchazwe uBaroja Isihlahla sesayensi. Ngenxa yokulondolozwa kwayo, kubhekwa njengesinye sezibhengezo zalokho okuthiwa yiGeneration of 98. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe wakhiqiza ama-trilogies alandelanayo ayisishiyagalolunye, ama-tetralogies amabili, imidlalo eyisikhombisa, kanye nemisebenzi eminingi yobuntatheli kanye nama-eseyi. Ushonele eMadrid ngo-Okthoba 30, 1956.
Izici ezihlukile zesizukulwane se-'98 (noventayochismo)
Njengommeleli oyisibonakaliso weGeneration of '98, I-Pío Baroja Kubonakala emisebenzini yakhe cishe zonke izici ezijwayelekile zale nhlangano yobuciko. Mhlawumbe, Isihlahla sesayensi Kuyinto inoveli ye-noventayochismo enezici eziningi ezihambisana nezincazelo nezimfuno zomphakathi zaleso sikhathi.
Phakathi kwabo, umbono ongenathemba wokuphila, incazelo yemindeni engasebenzi noma ukukhuliswa kabi kwemizwa kwabathile kwezinhlamvu ezithile. Ngokunjalo, imisebenzi yeGeneration of 98 iqondane ku:
- Ukuhlola izinkinga ezikhona.
- Isithukuthezi nesithukuthezi.
- Ukujula kwezinkathazo zansuku zonke.
- I-Nostalgia yesikhathi esedlule esinqunyiwe.
- Inkinga yekusasa elingaqinisekile.
- Indlela yezinkinga zomhlaba jikelele ezifana nesithunzi somuntu namalungelo abantu.
Amazwibela we Isihlahla sesayensi
Yanyatheliswa ngo-1911 njengengxenye ye-trilogy Umjaho. Le noveli yakhiwe ngezigaba ezimbili ezinkulu (I-III no-V-VII), ezenzeka ezigodini ezahlukahlukene zaseSpain phakathi kuka-1887 no-1898. Lezi zingxenye zehlukaniswa yisigaxa senkulumo ende yefilosofi phakathi kukamlingiswa oyinhloko, u-Andrés Hurtado, noDkt Iturrioz (umalume wakhe).
Le ngxoxo iphakamisa isihloko sencwadi ngenxa yencazelo yokwakhiwa kwezihlahla ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu e-Edene. Bayisihlahla sokuphila nomuthi wolwazi, lesi sakamuva sinqatshelwe u-Adamu ngegunya laphezulu. Ngaphansi kwale mpikiswano, IBaroja ithuthukisa izingqikithi ezixhumene kakhulu nemizwa yosizi, usizi, isithukuthezi, ifilosofi kanye nenkinga yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye.
Inicio
Le noveli iqala ngezikhombo eziningi zangempela ngempilo kaBaroja. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wezokwelapha ka-Andrés Hurtado cishe uyindaba ekhuluma ngokuphila kwakhe.. Ukusuka esenzweni sesibili sengxenye yokuqala (abafundi), umbhali uchaza i-X-ray yomphakathi yaseMadrid engenabuntu. Ngokufanayo, isithombe somndeni we-protagonist sicacisa umsuka we-psyche yakhe edangele futhi engavikelekile.
Njengoba ukulandisa kuqhubeka, ukuhlukaniswa komuntu ophikisayo ophakathi komphakathi ongenamqondo futhi ongenamqondo kuyakhuliswa. NgoHurtado, uBaroja uzwakalisa ukwedelela kwakhe ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo okwakukhona enhlokodolobha yaseSpain ngalezo zikhathi. Umbhali ubuye achaze ingcindezi engenasidingo etholwe yilo mfundi osemncane edalwe ukulindela kwabanye (ikakhulukazi kukayise).
Ukwanda kokwesaba
Imibono ka-Andrés yezinzwa ivame kakhulu. Ukwesaba - kufanelekile noma cha - kungukuhleleka kosuku, futhi, ngokusobala, amakilasi asebenzayo ezokwelapha ayandisa ingqondo yakhe. Ngesihloko ngasinye esisha, uHurtado uqinisekisa ukuthambekela kwakhe okukhulu kwemibhalo yefilosofi kunezincwadi ezijwayelekile zomsebenzi wakhe wobudokotela. Ngakho-ke, ubona umsebenzi wakhe njengendlela yokuphoqelelwa okufanele iphele ngokushesha okukhulu.
Ngaphandle kwezibalo (kufakwa ezifundweni ezinjenge-biology, ngokwesibonelo), umlingiswa oyinhloko akatholi nogqozi lokufunda. UMalume u-Iturrioz kuphela obonakala ekhanyisela ubukhona obungenalutho be-protagonist. Noma kunjalo, uHurtado wakha ubungani obuqinile noMontaner, umlingani ocwaningayo owake wabandlulula ngenzondo.
Uzwela, ukucabanga nokuzenzisa
Ukugula ngokomzimba kanye / noma ngokomzwelo kwabantu abahlukahlukene endaweni kaHurtado kuveza kuye ukuphumula okungapheli. Phakathi kwabo, uLuisito, isiguli azizwa esithanda “njengezifo”, kanye noLamela “osemuva”. Izimo zabo bobabili abalingiswa ziphakamisa ukungabaza ngokusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha ngokweqiniso. Oxhumana noMargarita kuphela (osebenza naye) oletha ithemba empilweni ka-Andrés.
Ngokwengeziwe, ukudlula komuntu ophikisayo odabula iSan Juan de Dios Hospital bekungakhuthazi ncamashi, kuphambene impela ... Naphezu kwakho konke, uHurtado uvunyelwe ukusebenza njengomuntu oqeqeshwayo nozakwabo uJulio Aracil. Kodwa lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kwaholela ezingxabanweni eziqhubekayo neziphathimandla zesibhedlela ngenxa yokuziphatha kwabo okubi nangamanga.
Abesifazane besikhathi
IBaroja iqala ingxenye yesibili ngokuxoxa ngokuguqulwa kokuhlonishwa kukaJulio ngo-Andrés, kube nomona owonakalisayo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa ka-Aracil, umhlangano phakathi kukaHurtado noLulú uyenzeka. Le ntombazane engavumelani nemithetho, okuziphatha kwayo okungahlosiwe nangokuhlosiwe okuheha u-Andrés kancane.
Okwamanje, umbhali usebenzisa lezi ziqephu ukukhombisa ukuzonda kwakhe lawo madoda aphatha abesifazane njengezinto, ngesikhathi sabo. Ngendlela efanayo, endabeni ye- "History of Venance" uBaroja uchaza konke ukungalingani kwezenhlalo nokungabi nabulungisa kwalesosikhathi. Yikuphi okwamukelwa ngokusula esikhundleni - kunalokho ukuvumelana - ngabakhileyo eMadrid, ikakhulukazi ngabantu abadala.
I-Pío Baroja.
Emaphandleni
Njengoba u-Andrés ezizwa engaqondakali kakhulu ngozakwabo (engenandaba nezindaba zefilosofi), usondela kumalume wakhe u-Iturrioz. Naye, unezingxoxo ezinde ezikhona nezefilosofi. Phakathi kwezingxoxo, uBaroja uthatha ithuba lokuqonda ngemicabango yalabo abathandekayo - uKant noSchopenhauer.
Ngemuva kokuphothula iziqu, lo protagonist uthuthela emaphandleni aseGuadalajara eyosebenza njengodokotela wasemakhaya. Lapho, ungena ngokungafuni emsebenzini wakhe futhi uxoxa njalo nomunye udokotela neziguli. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuxabana cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi yisiko lakudala (futhi ezimweni eziningi eliyingozi) labalimi.
Buyela eMadrid
Ngemuva kokushona komfowabo (omunye umcimbi womlobi), u-Andrés unquma ukubuyela eMadrid. Kodwa enhloko-dolobha kunzima kuye ukuthola umsebenzi. Ngenxa yalokho, uzama ize ukuthola inhloso yomsebenzi wakhe ngokunakekela abaqwayizi nabantu abampofu kakhulu, okuqhubeka nokukholwa kwakhe kubantu. Isikhala sakhe kuphela sokunethezeka yizingxoxo zakhe esitolo noLulu.
Injabulo yesikhashana
Ngenxa yokulamula kukamalume wakhe, u-Andrés uqala ukusebenza njengomhumushi nombuyekezi ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha. Yize lo msebenzi ungamanelisi ngendlela umsebenzi wobungcweti obungeke wenziwe ngayo, kodwa uyakwazi ukuwujabulela kakhulu. Iqala kanjalo-ke inkathi yokuthula ehlala isikhathi esingaphezudlwana konyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uHurtado ekugcineni uthandana noLulu (wamkhanga kuye kusukela ngosuku lokuqala).
Umusho wePío de Baroja.
Ngemuva kokuxoxa ngalolu daba nomalume wakhe, uHurtado unquma ukubuza isandla sothandekayo wakhe. Yize kunjalo, ukungabaza akukaze kumshiye umlingiswa ophambili ngoba enqena ukuba nezingane. Noma kunjalo, uLulu uyamkholisa futhi uyakhulelwa. Umqondo wenzalo ubuyisela u-Andrés emuva ekucindezelekeni okumnyama.
Ukuphela okungenakugwemeka
Isithombe sigcina siba mnyama lapho umntwana eshona ngaphambi nje kokuzalwa futhi, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, uLulu uyafa. Ngenxa yalokho, ukugcwaliswa kwesinqumo okumakwe emigqeni yokuqala yenoveli kaBaroja: ukuzibulala kuka-Andrés Hurtado ... Kudliwe ngosuku olufanayo nomngcwabo kaLulú ngokuthatha amaphilisi amaningi aqeda ukuhlupheka okungaka.
Uyayifuna? Ungayithola ngokuchofoza lapha.