Izici zombhalo wendaba

Imibhalo exoxwayo iwuhlobo lokuxhumana olutholakala yonke indawo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwabantu. Ngenxa yabo, abantu bangakwazi ukulandisa ukulandelana kwezenzakalo ezibandakanya umuntu oyedwa noma abambalwa, izinto, izilwane, izindawo noma izinto. Ngokunjalo, kukho konke ukulandisa lokho kulandelana kwezenzo kumele kuholele kumphumela.

Ngakho-ke, itheksthi lelandzisako ingachazwa njengekumelela indzaba lebhaliwe -kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyiqiniso noma inganekwane- ifakwe ngesikhathi esithile sesikhala. Ngaphambi kokuvela kobuchwepheshe obeza ne-digitization, lolu hlobo lwenkulumo eyingcaca lwalungaphakathi ephepheni. Namuhla, ukuxoxa izindaba ngezinto zikagesi kuyinto yansuku zonke.

Izici

Wonke umbhalo oxoxwayo unezingxenye nesakhiwo esingenakuziba. Manje, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi lezi zingxenye azinqunywanga ngokucacile emibhalweni emifushane. Injalo indaba yezindaba, izindaba ezimfishane, izindaba kanye namanothi ezintatheli.

Izingxenye

Isingeniso

Yisigaba lapho umbhali udalula isimo azosichaza noma azosithuthukisa ngabalingiswa babo kanye nendawo yesigameko. Ngakho-ke, kuleli qophelo kubalulekile ukukhiqiza ilukuluku kumfundi ukuze kwakheke ukuzibandakanya. Kungale ndlela kuphela lapho kungenzeka khona ukugcina ukunaka kowamukelayo kuze kufike umugqa wokugcina wombhalo.

Unqunu

Yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi inkathi enkulu yokulandisa. Laphaya, umxoxi uhlala ebeka umbono noma ukungqubuzana ngokuhambisana (okuphoqelekile) nemigqa yesakhiwo evezwe esingenisweni.. Le siphithiphithi iqukethe isigameko esibaluleke kakhulu esinikeza incazelo kuyo yonke indaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyafaneleka ukulinganisa uma izehlakalo zilandela ukulandelana komugqa noma ukushintshana kwezikhathi.

Umphumela

Yingxenye leyo ukulandisa kuyaphela futhi, ngakho-ke, inquma ukuthi yimuphi umuzwa (impumelelo, ukwehluleka, ubutha, ukutuswa...) oyohlala engqondweni yomfundi. Kweminye imibhalo—njengamanoveli abacuphi noma izindaba ezesabekayo, isibonelo—, iselula yabalingiswa abathintekayo ivezwa kuphela kumphumela. Ngale ndlela, ukushuba nokungabaza kuyaqhubeka kuze kube sekupheleni.

Isakhiwo

• Isakhiwo sangaphandle: ithinta inhlangano ebonakalayo yokubhala, okungukuthi, uma ihlome ngezahluko, izigaba, ukulandelana, okufakiwe...
• Isakhiwo sangaphakathi: ihlanganisa lezo zici ezithile zokulandelana kwezehlakalo ezivezwe embhalweni: umxoxi (nomlingisi oyinhloko ohambisana naye noma iphimbo nombono owazi konke), indawo nesikhathi.

Izinhlobo zemibhalo elandisayo kanye nezici zayo

Indaba

• isakhiwo olujiyile, lapho izehlakalo zichazwe kafushane umxoxi;
• Kukhona ukungqubuzana kwe-neuralgic (phakathi) okuyi kukhulunywe ngakho ngaphandle kokunikeza isikhala esiningi ekuchazeni umongo;
• Kubandakanya abalingiswa abambalwa;
• Izenzo eziphathekayo ziholela kumphumela ofanayo;
• Ngokuvamile, akunakwenzeka ukuhumusha okungaqondakali esiphethweni noma esiphethweni esivulekile (okugcina kuyinsiza engavamile ukusetshenziswa endabeni).

ababalisi abakhulu

• Anton Chekhov (1860 - 1904);
• UVirginia Woolf (1882-1941);
• U-Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961);
• UJorge Luis Borges (1899 - 1986). Ngokunjalo, kubalulekile ukufaka umbhali wase-Argentina phakathi kongcweti bendaba emfushane.

Indaba emfushane

• Ukusetshenziswa okunembile kwegama ngalinye, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwemisho emifushane kakhulu nengahlotshisiwe;
• Ukufingqa kwetimu eyodwa;
• inhloso yokuzicabangela noma yokucabangela;
• Ukuba khona kwencazelo ejulile noma “umbhalo ongezansi”.

Ongcweti abakhulu bendaba emfushane

• Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849);
• UFranz Kafka (1883-1924);
• UJohn Cheever (1912-1982);
• Julio Cortazar (1914 - 1984);
• URaymond Carver (1938-1988);
• UTobias Wolff (1945-).

I-Novela

• Ukulandisa okuyinganekwane kwesandiso esivame ukude (kusuka emazwini ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane) kanye nesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi;
• kuyo yonke intuthuko kukhona indawo yezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlamvu —ngomlando wabo ngamunye—kanye nezenzo ezihlangene ezihlukene;
• Amanoveli anomthelela omkhulu wokuhlela ngokuvamile banamagama aphakathi kwezinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisithupha namakhulu amabili ezinkulungwane;
• Uma kubhekwa ivolumu yayo cishe engenamkhawulo, umbhali unenkululeko eningi yokudala. Ngaleso sizathu, inoveli iwuhlobo lwemibhalo oluyintandokazi kubabhali abaningi, naphezu kobunzima obudingwa ukuchazwa kwayo.

Amanoveli amathathu athengiswa kakhulu kunawo wonke

• Don Quixote de la Mancha (1605), kaMiguel de Cervantes; amakhophi angaphezu kwesigamu sebhiliyoni athengisiwe;
• Indaba yamadolobha amabili (1859), nguCharles Dickens; izincwadi ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili ezithengisiwe;
• INkosi yezindandatho (1954), kaJ. R. R. Tolkien; idlula izigidi eziyikhulu namashumi amahlanu amakhophi athengisiwe.
  

  UMiguel de Cervantes.

imibhalo emangalisayo

• Ukulandisa icatshangwe ukuthi imelwe ezingxenyeni zeshashalazi;
• Eqinisweni imibhalo eyakhiwe izingxoxo kuboniswa endaweni nesikhathi esichazwe kahle;
• Ngokujwayelekile umfanekiso womxoxi ukhishwa;
• Banikeza inkululeko enkulu yokudala kumbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi, njengoba zingabhalwa ngephrozi noma ngevesi (nethuba lokuzihlanganisa zombili).

I-eseyi yemibhalo

• Isitatimende esinesihloko sezizathu ngenhloso yokucabangisisa futhi ibhalwe ngendlela yephrozi;
• Imibono esekelwe:
• Ngenjwayelo umbhali usebenzisa kwehlukile izibalo zemibhalo njengoba isingathekiso noma imethonymy;
• Akudingi ukusetshenziswa kolimi lobuchwepheshe noma okukhethekile ngenxa yokuthi indikimba yemibono ihloselwe umphakathi jikelele.

Umbhalo wobuntatheli

• Bane- inhloso efundisayo (nakuba zingaba futhi imibono noma imibhalo exubile);
• La isitatimende samaqiniso es ngokuqina ngempoqo futhi eduze neqiniso;
• Ngokuvamile ube nesihloko esikhangayo okomfundi;
• Ungabonisa isifinyezo esifushane ukuze umfundi akwazi ukunquma kusengaphambili ukuthi unentshisekelo noma cha esihlokweni. Noma kunjalo, kumele ihambisane nesakhiwo esibalulekile sayo yonke imibhalo exoxwayo: isingeniso, nudo y desenlace.
• Izindaba:
  • Igxile esehlakalweni samanje lokho kuvusa isithakazelo sabantu;
  • inhloso efundisayo yomcimbi ofanele;
  • Njengoba iqondiswe kuzo zonke izethameli, kujwayelekile ibhalwe ngolimi olulula.
• Umbiko wephephandaba:
  • Okuqukethwe kumele ibhalwe ngendlela eqondile, bhekana nesihloko samanje futhi uhloniphe imithombo yolwazi;
  • Ukuvezwa kwezehlakalo ezinemininingwane neziqhathanisiwe.
  • umlingiswa ophenyayo.
  • Ngangokunokwenzeka, uphenyo lwenziwa ngaphansi kwendlela yesayensi;

Crónica

• ukulandiswa kwezehlakalo nge ukunemba okukhulu ngangokunokwenzeka nangokulandelana kwezenzakalo;
• Ababhali bathembele ezifenqo;
• Ukucophelela ekuhlaziyeni izenzakalo.

Leyenda

• Yimibhalo ethuthukayo izungeze umlingiswa osemqoka futhi cishe njalo igqugquzelwa isigameko esithile esingokomlando;
• Itholakala ngesikhathi nendawo ethile;
• Ukuxabana ngokusekelwe ezintweni zemvelo noma ezingaphezu kwemvelo.