Izici 'Generation '98

Kwenzeka kanjani lokho okubizwa ngokuthi iGeneration of '98? Ukuze sithole impendulo kudingekile ukuba sibuyele emuva ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Ngaleso sikhathi, iSpain kwakuyisizwe esisenkingeni ejulile yobunikazi bezwe, umsuka wayo ungalandelelwa emuva ekuhlaselweni kweNapoleon. Ukwengeza, ngemva kwempi yaseSpain-America, izwe lase-Iberia lalahlekelwa amakoloni alo okugcina: iCuba, iPhilippines, iGuam nePuerto Rico.

Ebhekene naleli qiniso elibonakala ngokuwohloka kwezombangazwe, zokuziphatha, zezenhlalakahle nezomnotho, iqembu elikhethekile kakhulu lamadoda lavela. Babengababhali nababhali abazalwa phakathi kweminyaka yawo-1860 no-1870, ngakho-ke, base beneminyaka yokuthatha indawo ephambili ngo-1898.. Ngale ndlela, u-Unamuno noma u-Azorín nabanye, baphakamisa indlela "yokuba iSpanishi" ezicini ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kwamasiko.

Incazelo

Empeleni, kuyadingeka ukuchaza ukuthi kube yinkinga kangakanani ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi “isizukulwane”—ngaphansi kombono wezincwadi oqinile—lapho sihlanganisa abalingiswa baso. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, osomlando bakhombisa ukuvumelana okuthile mayelana no-Unamuno, u-Valle-Inclán no-Pio Baroja njengabalingiswa abayizifanekiselo kakhulu kwesethi.

Okuningi, yiziphi izinto ezifanayo ababenazo leli qembu lamadoda ezinhlamvu namasiko aseSpain? Ngaphandle kokungabi yisihloko esinenhloso kakhulu, izifundiswa zivame ukubhekisa ezindabeni ezinjengalezi ubungane phakathi kwabaningi babo. Ngokufanayo, akunakuphikwa ukuhlangana kwamalungu eqembu mayelana nemizwa yobuzwe -futhi ingenathemba, kwesinye isikhathi - ngesimilo saseSpain.

Iphuzu lokuhlangana lamadoda

Ukulahleka kwamakoloni aseSpain kwabangela ukucasuka nokukhungatheka phakathi kwababhali bama-XNUMXs. Ngokusobala, iqiniso lokulahlekelwa yilezo zindawo zaphesheya kwezilwandle esizweni saseMelika esasisanda kwakhiwa kwakusho ukululazeka okwakunzima kakhulu ukukufanisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yalaba babhali yafakazela inzondo yabo ngeSpain edla ngoludala nabefundisi zalezo zikhathi.

Eminye imizwa eyaboniswa amalungu esizukulwane yayiwukungabi nathemba nokungabi nangqondo—cishe—ngaphansi kwethonya lezihlakaniphi ezinjengoNietzsche noSchopenhauer. Lesi sikhundla sefilosofi nesokuziphatha sasiwujuqu endleleni yakhe yokuthola iqiniso kanye nokuqhelelana kwesiphakamiso seRealityism. (thethelela ukudilizwa).

Izici zesizukulwane se-98

Itimu nokuqukethwe okuqhelelene kakhulu ne-Realism kumelele uhlobo lokuvuselela eduze ne-Modernism, nakuba kunezici ezithile eziyingqayizivele. Nakuba amapeni esizukulwane se-98 engazange akhiqize izincwadi ezifanayo, kungenzeka ukukhuluma ngobuhle obungamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye-ochist.. Ihlukile kokunye ukunyakaza ngokusebenzisa izici ezichazwe ngezansi:

• Iselula ehlanganisa amalungu okuqala, okuthiwa yiQembu Labathathu, eyakhiwe i-Azorín, i-Baroja ne-Maeztu, kufakwe ne-manifesto. Leso sizathu sasigxile ekuvuselelweni kabusha kweSpain nasekufuneni indlela yokuvuselela isizwe.
• Abanye bajoyina laba besilisa abathathu, bebhalisela ukukhathazeka kweqembu elincane. Amalungu amasha akhethe udaba olubaluleke kakhulu: ubunikazi bangempela be-Spanish, ngokumelene namakilasi anamandla futhi acebile ashiye iSpain yangempela eceleni.
• Ngakho-ke iGeneration of '98 yakhiwe eqenjini lamadoda aqoqene azungeze igama njengendlela enkulu yokuvuselela isizwe. Kanjalo izincwadi zeqembu zihlanganise imibono ehlukahlukene, ubuhle kanye nezinhlobo zemibhalo.
• Olunye uphawu oluhlukile lwalesi sizukulwane kwaba ukwephula umthetho ngokumelene nezinhlobo zemibhalo ezimisiwe.

Ama-exponents amakhulu kakhulu esizukulwane sika-'98

UJose Martinez Ruiz "Azorin" (1863 - 1967)

Umbhali wezincwadi, imbongi, umbhali wezindaba, umbhali kanye nomhlaziyi wemibhalo ogama lakhe lokuqamba elithi "Azorín" waba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi "isizukulwane sika-98". Umlobi we-monovero—eqhutshwa ukushisekela izwe lakhe okuqinile—naye wayekhuthele kakhulu kwezombangazwe. Ngakho-ke, akumangalisi lokho Ingxenye enkulu yendalo yakhe inikezelwe ekuhloleni itimu yesiko laseSpain.

Imisebenzi ephawuleka kakhulu

• umphefumulo weCastilian (1900)
• Intando (1902)
• U-Antonio Azorin (1903)
• Izivumo zesazi sefilosofi esincane (1904)
• Ihora laseSpain 1560 - 1590 (1924).

UMiguel de Unamuno (1864-1936)

Umphathi weNyuvesi yaseSalamanca wayengumlimi wezinhlobo ezahlukene zemibhalo kanye nepeni elaziwayo kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube manje. Empeleni, isazi sefilosofi saseBasque kanye nendoda yezinhlamvu yahlola ngokujulile lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "nivola". Lokhu kungachazwa kanje: inganekwane elandisayo ekude nesitayela sangempela, enabalingiswa abayisicaba kanye nentuthuko esheshayo.

Izimpawu zokubhala ezishiwo ngenhla ziyabonakala ku Uthando nokufundisa (1902), Inkungu (1914), abel sanchez (1917) futhi Umalumekazi uThula (1921). Eminye imisebenzi eyaziwa kakhulu yombhali weBilbao ibe Impilo kaDon Quixote noSancho (Indaba - 1905), UKristu waseVelasquez (izinkondlo - 1920) kanye USanta Manuel Bueno, umfel 'ukholo (inoveli - 1930).

URamon del Valle-Inclán (1866 - 1936)

URamón María del Valle-Inclán Wayengumbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi, imbongi, umbhali wamanoveli, intatheli, umbhali wezindaba ezimfushane kanye nombhali wezindaba, oseduze neModernism futhi engumuntu obalulekile ezincwadini zesiSpanishi. Umbhali owazalelwa eVillanueva de Arosa wazihlukanisa ngokusebenzisa kwakhe ulimi lwezinzwa oluhlanganiswe nokubhuqa komphakathi. Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe wobuciko wabonisa isitayela esithonywe uphawu lwesiFulentshi.

Kamuva, ungqondongqondo waseGalician wathuthukisa amanoveli akhe nemidlalo yakhe ngendlela ayibiza ngokuthi “esperpento” (“abantu noma izinto ezesabekayo noma ezicasulayo). Phakathi kwe-grotesque yakhe eyaziwa kakhulu iyagqama Izibani zeBohemian (1920) futhi Izimpondo zikaDon Frijolera (1920). Ngokufanayo, amanoveli akhe inkundla yezimanga (1927) futhi phila mnikazi wami (1928) batuswe kakhulu.

UPio Baroja (1872 - 1956)

U-Pío Baroja y Nessi wayengumbhali wezincwadi nombhali wemidlalo ngendlela ephawulekayo owayengenathemba futhi evikela isimo somuntu ngamunye. Imibono yakhe yezombangazwe yayingacacile (washintsha umqondo izikhathi eziningana phakathi nokuphila kwakhe) Futhi ngokuqinisekile impikiswano. Ngokunjalo, ukubikezela kwakhe inoveli evulekile kwamenza wazuza inzondo yama-purists.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi ebalulekile yombhali waseSan Sebastian yile:

• Ukhula olubi (1904)
• Isihlahla sesayensi (1911)
• Ubusuku bokuthatha umhlalaphansi omuhle (1934)
• umculi ohambahambayo (1950).

URamiro de Maeztu (1874-1936)

URamiro de Maeztu noWhitney Ubengumbhali waseVitoria owagqama njengombhali wezindaba, umbhali wezincwadi, imbongi kanye nomhlaziyi wemibhalo. Futhi, umlobi wase-Iberia wayengumbhali wezombusazwe owaziwayo ngesikhathi sakhe kanye nomgqugquzeli ozimisele wombono we "Hispanidad". Ngakho-ke, ingxenye efundwa kakhulu yomsebenzi wakhe igxile kulo mqondo, ozwakalayo ezihlokweni ezilandelayo:

• Komunye iSpain (1899)
• UDon Quixote, uDon Juan noLa Celestina (1926)
• Ukuzivikela kweSpanishi (1934)

Amanye amalungu avelele esizukulwane sika-'98

• Isaac Albéniz (1860 - 1909); umqambi nomdlali wopiyano
• Angel Gavinet (1865 - 1898); umbhali kanye nenxusa
• Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1869 - 1968); philologist, folklorist kanye nesazi-mlando
• Ricardo Baroja (1871 - 1953); umdwebi nombhali.