URamiro de Maeztu y Whitney ungomunye wamagama aphikisana kakhulu emlandweni wezepolitiki waseSpain ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Wazalelwa eVitoria, eBasque Country, ngoMeyi 4, 1874. Wayeyindodana kaManuel de Maeztu noRodríguez, umnikazi womhlaba ocebile waseCuba waseCienfuegos. Umama wakhe kwakunguJuana Whitney, indodakazi kanxusa waseBrithani, owazalelwa ogwini lwaseFrance iNice.
Emsebenzini, wayevelele njengentatheli (ozifundisayo). Ngenkathi eqala izinkondlo, inoveli, nomdlalo, Ubuningi bomsebenzi wakhe wokubhala wenziwe ngama-eseyi nezihloko zemibono. Lokhu wababhalela imidiya ehlukene kulo lonke umsebenzi wakhe omude. Wadutshulwa ngo-1936 ezandleni zomyalo weRiphabhulikhi, ekuqaleni kweMpi Yombango.
I-Biography yeMaeztu: impilo egcwele izinguquko nokudluliswa
Umlando wezepolitiki nemibhalo kaMaeztu ubonakala uqinisekisa ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokushintsha umqondo wakhe kaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Lo mlingiswa uchithe ukuphela kobusha bakhe kanye nesigaba sokuqala sempilo yabantu abadala eCuba. Lapho, wazama (akuphumelelanga) ukuphinda ahambise ibhizinisi likayise. Kamuva, wahlala eBilbao ngokucela kukanina, lapho aqala khona uhambo lwakhe lobuntatheli.
Phambilini ubenesikhathi sokuhlala eNew York naseParis. Ukusebenzisana kwakhe kokuqala kunelukuluku lapho ehlaziya ngokubheka ukuthi ukucabanga kwakhe kuzovela kanjani. Ngalesi sigaba-iminyaka eyishumi ka-1890- wabhalela imithombo yezindaba eyehlukene. Phakathi kwalabo, ISocialist, wasebenza njengethuluzi lokusabalalisa obala i-Spanish Socialist Workers Party.
Imigqa yokuqala yezepolitiki
I-Anarchist ekuqaleni kwakhe, uRamiro de Maeztu wayefudukela emibonweni engacabangi kangako njenge Worker and Reform Socialism. Kamuva, Wayeyingxenye yeSizukulwane sika -98, iqembu lezazi ezinethemba elibi ngokuphathelene nekusasa leSpain. Ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokulahlekelwa yi-US yokulimaza izindawo zayo zokugcina zaphesheya kwezilwandle: eCuba, ePuerto Rico, ePhilippines naseGuam.
Ekupheleni kweMpi Enkulu, uRamiro de Maeztu wahlala iminyaka engamashumi amathathu eLondon. Enhlokodolobha yaseBrithani ubesebenza njengentatheli ye- Ukuxhumana KwaseSpain, Izwe Elisha y IHerald yaseMadrid. Ngakho ukuthambekela kwabo kwemibono kuphambukele kwesokudla; wakujabulela ukusebenza kohlelo lwezepolitiki kanye nemodeli yempilo yamaNgisi.
Kusuka kokulondolozayo kuya kokunamandla kokugcina
Ngeminyaka eyishumi yesithathu yekhulu lama-XNUMX, waphinde wazinza eSpain. Umgqugquzeli omdala wobusoshiyali wayesele ngemuva impela. Akagcinanga nje ngokuwuphika lowomcabango, kepha futhi wavikela nezikhundla eziphambene ngokuphelele kwezinye izimo. Yebo, waba yisosha eliqinisekile, ukuvikela isimilo nokuziphatha okuhle, okubambelela ezimfundisweni zamaKatolika ngakho.
Ngesikhathi sobushiqela bukaPrimo de Rivera - ayivikela kwasekuqaleni - wasebenza njengenxusa elijwayelekile kanye nobukhosi obuningi baseSpain eArgentina. Umcimbi ophawule umsebenzi wakhe uzokwenzeka esizweni saseNingizimu Melika: wahlangana noZacarías de Vizcarra y Arana, umsunguli womqondo we-Hispanidad.
Imisebenzi eyinhloko kaRamiro de Maeztu: umphostoli waseSpain
UMaeztu akagcinanga ngokwabelana ngemibono yalo mpristi ongumJesuit, wayezogcina ebabekile futhi abasakaze ngomdlandla omkhulu. Lapho umbuso wobushiqela wehla futhi kwasungulwa iRiphabhulikhi Yesibili, wasula esikhundleni sokuba ngusomaqhinga eBuenos Aires wabuyela eSpain. Ezweni lakhe lokuzalwa, waba ngomunye wabantu ababalulekile ekuhlukaneni phakathi kwama-republicans kanye namakhosi.
Uthola umagazini Isenzo seSpain, ukushicilelwa lapho kuvela khona imicabango yakhe nge-Hispanidad. Kukhulunywa nje, kungukuhlanganyela kweSpain namakholoni angaphambili, ezungeze ulimi lwaseSpain nenkolo yamaKatolika. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wavikela isidingo sokubuyisela umqhele.
Imibono kaMaeztu ephikisana kakhulu
Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Ayikho imikhiqizo etholakele.
Ngalesi sikhathi, UMaeztu wazibiza ngokuthi uyamthanda u-Adolf Hitler. Ngokunjalo, waveza ngokusobala ithemba lakhe lokuthi inhlangano efana neNazi Party izonqoba eSpain. Ngendlela efanayo, uqinisekise iziqubulo ezihlobene nokucwaswa kwabamhlophe. Emibhalweni yakhe, waze wafanelekela abantu "baseMpumalanga" kanye nanoma imuphi umuntu ibala lakhe elalingacaci, "njengezinhlanga eziphansi."
Ngokusho kongqondongqondo abavela eVitoria, amaqembu amancane ezinhlanga angaba wusizo nje ekukhuliseni umqondo we-Hispanidad, kodwa ngaphandle komnikelo omkhulu. Eminingi yaleyo mibono yavela ngendlela yamanothi wokuhlela ngenkathi uMaeztu esengumhleli kamagazini. Isenzo seSpain. Kamuva, zahlanganiswa encwadini yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu futhi kwaxoxwa ngayo: Ukuvikelwa kwe-Hispanidad.
La ukuzivikela de la ISpanishi
Ngumbhalo omuhle ngokubhekela ukuphatha i-eseyi nokuhlela; lobuntatheli, kepha ngezinye zezimvukuzane. Ngoba engqikithini yetulo, umbhali ushintsha iziqubulo ze-French Revolution, "inkululeko, ukulingana nobuzalwane", "ngenkonzo, ubukhosi kanye nobuntu". Ngale ndlela, uMaeztu wakhombisa isimo sakhe sokuzikhukhumeza lapho ezwa ukuthi unelungelo eliphelele lokweqa lezo zinhloso.
Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Ukuvikelwa Kwamagugu aseSpain
Ekugcineni, Ukuvikelwa kwe-Hispanidad yaba yisisekelo semibono yelungelo elimelene neRiphabhulikhi kanye neFrancoism elondolozayo. Eqinisweni, umashiqela uFrancisco Franco uqobo - yize kwakunguye - wayezogcina eyibonile iminikelo yakhe ngokumnikeza ngo-1974 ukuhlukaniswa kuka-Count of Maeztu.
Eminye imisebenzi kaRamiro Maetzu
Incazelo yenhlonipho yemali, ubunzima bezinhlelo zebhange
Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Incazelo yenhlonipho yemali
Incazelo yenhlonipho yemali okunye ukuhlanganiswa kwama-athikili ahlukahlukene akhuluma ngomsebenzi wezezimali, akhiqizwa phakathi kuka-1923 no-1931. Lesi sihloko ukuhlaziywa okusaqhubeka nokusebenza komnotho waseSpain, kubuyekezwa ubunzima besistimu yamabhange, umbuso nomndeni.
Inkinga yobuntu
Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Ayikho imikhiqizo etholakele.
Ngokufanayo, kubonakala ngaphakathi kukhathalogi yeMaeztu, Inkinga yobuntu (Ngo-1919). Empeleni, ukushicilelwa kwasekuqaleni kusuka ngonyaka we-1916, ngesikhathi "saso saseBrithani" (somcabango wenkululeko) ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi Igunya, inkululeko nokusebenza ekukhanyeni kwempi. Okuqukethwe kwayo kungena emibonweni yegunya nenkululeko yesikhathi sayo ngenxa yezingxabano zempi emhlabeni wonke.
IziKronike Zempi Enkulu, Impi Enkulu ngokombono weMaeztu
URamiro de Maeztu uzibonele ngawakhe omunye wemicimbi yempi eshiye izibazi eziningi “ezwekazini elidala”. Umsebenzi wakhe wobuntatheli - womabili emphakathini ophakeme waseBrithani, njengombhaleli wasensimini - wamenza “izwi eligunyazayo” empini enkulu ehlomile emlandweni wesintu… kuze kube yilolo suku.
Lapho ukuphela kwempi ngo-1918, akekho owacabanga ngokulwa okwesibili. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kuboniswe ku IziKronike Zempi Enkulu, ukuhlanganiswa kumuntu wokuqala mayelana nokushintshashintsha kwamabutho aseBrithani. Ubuye wafaka nombono wakhe ngayo yonke inhlangano yezepolitiki eyavuka ngesikhathi sokuhlangana.
Indima yobuciko nemibhalo
Ngaphandle kokusuka ezenzweni zakhe zezepolitiki, uMaeztu naye wabhala ngeqiniso lobuciko. Emisebenzini yakhe eminingi wathi (ngabalingiswa bakudala abavela ezincwadini zaseSpain) indima yobuciko ekwandisweni kobunikazi bezwe. Okungukuthi, ubuhlakani obuvela eVitoria bungumphikisi onamandla wokwakhiwa "kobuciko ngenxa yobuciko."