Inoveli engokoqobo: ukuthi iyini nezici

Amaqiniso eSpain avela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XNUMX. Kwakuyinhlangano yezobuciko ubuhle bayo babuzungezwe (inhloso) yokukhombisa okungokoqobo ngendlela eqondile. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, amanoveli angokoqobo aveza okuqukethwe kude nemizwa ekhona yonke indawo kubabhali abangabokuqala bamanje, I-Romanticism.

Futhi yebo, izitayela zokubhala ezishiwo ngenhla zahlongozwa, kanye nokulandelana, kwaphikiswa. Ngokwalesi sizathu, i-genesis of Realism iyingxenye yokuvela kweziphakamiso zetimu yenkathi yothando (ikakhulukazi i-Costumbrismo). Lolu shintsho lwaqala kusukela ezindabeni ezibuswa ukuzithoba kuye ezindabeni lapho ingqikithi yomlando nenhlalo yaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu.

Incazelo ye-French Realism

Umqondo

Usomnotho owaziwayo U-Enrique Fuentes Quintana I-1924 - 2007 wachaza ku El País (1988) izizathu zokuhlehla kweSpain maqondana namazwe anjengeNgilandi noma iFrance ngemuva kweNguquko Yezimboni Yokuqala. Ngokucacile, u-Quintana ukhombe ekuvikelweni kwentela okweqile, ukuntuleka kwezinguquko kwezolimo, imakethe yangaphakathi eboshiwe, umkhakha wangaphandle obuthakathaka, kanye nokungenelela kombuso.

Lesi simo siphinde sashiya isizwe sase-Iberia ngemuva emkhakheni wezobuciko nobuhlakani. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, izitayela ze-avant-garde ezavela eNtshonalanga Yurophu phakathi nekhulu le-1840 zazibonakalisa eminyakeni eyishumi noma amabili kamuva eSpain. Kwaba njalo isimo seRealityism, eyavela eFrance cishe ngo-1850 futhi yaba nethonya elingenakuphikwa emibhalweni yeSpanishi kusukela ngo-XNUMX.

Izici ze-French Realism

• Amaciko anokuzinikela kwezenhlalo nezepolitiki;
• Imibono ebifuna ukuveza "ingqikithi ebonwa phambi kwamehlo" esikhundleni sokumelela indawo ezungezile ngokulingisa;
• Indima enqumayo yokuthatha izithombe kubadwebi bepulasitiki;
• Ukuma kude nezenzo zobuqhawe, zaseshashalazini noma ezingezona ezemvelo;
• Ukwenqatshwa kwendlela ye-neoclassical noma yothando (evezwa njengamanga amaciko angokoqobo nezihlakaniphi).

Ababhali bamanoveli abakhulu be-French Realism kanye neminye yemisebenzi yabo eyizifanekiselo kakhulu

• UStendhal (1783-1842): Okubomvu nokumnyama (1830), ICharterhouse yeParma (1839);
• U-Honoré de Balzac (1799 - 1850): Amahlaya omuntu, inkohliso elahlekile (I, 1837; II, 1839; III, 1843);
• UGustave Flaubert (1821-1880): Mrs. I-Bovary (1857), imfundo yemizwa (1869), Isilingo seSan Antonio (1874);
• Emile Zola (1840-1902): Ibha (1877), Ojameni (1885).

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi uZola uthathwa njengomunye wabagadli abakhulu be-Naturalism, nayo ethathwa njengengxenye yeRealism.. Kulokhu, I-Regent (1885) -kucatshangelwa umsebenzi ophakeme kakhulu kaLeopoldo Alas Clarín - wethula izici zetimu kanye nokwakhiwa kwezinhlamvu okuthonywe umsebenzi wababhali okukhulunywe ngabo esigabeni esandulele.

Ngokunjalo, ingxenye enkulu yezincwadi zika-Benito Pérez Galdós—enye “yezinqubo” ze-Realism yombhalo waseSpain—ifakazela ithonya elingenakuphikwa lababhali bamaqiniso baseGallic. Ngokuhambisana, amafomu okulandisa atholakala ku-Costumbrismo (eyayihlala naleyo ye-Romanticism) zasebenza njengesiqalo kubabhali abangokoqobo.

Izehlakalo zomlando eziphawula umsuka Wokungokoqobo eSpain

Phakathi namashumi eminyaka ka-1869 no-1870, izenzakalo ezimbalwa ezidlulele zenzeka ukuze kubonakale iSpain njengesizwe kamuva. Eziningi zalezo zenzakalo zabuyekezwa noma zabhekiselwa kuzo ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile ngababhali ababedume kakhulu base-Iberia bangaleso sikhathi. Izehlakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu zangaleso sikhathi zibalulwe ngezansi:

• 1865: Ukuvukela kobusuku bukaSan Daniel (April 10) nokuvukela kosayitsheni bekamu laseSan Gil (June 22);
• Revolution ka 1868 (September 19 - 28);
• Ukuphatha ngentando yeningi (September 1868 - December 1874);
• Ukuzalwa nokuwa kweRiphabhulikhi Yokuqala (February 1873 - January 1874);
• Ukubuyiselwa kweBourbon (1874) kanye nokumenyezelwa koMthethosisekelo we-1876.

Inoveli yamaqiniso yaseSpain

Incazelo

Yilowo owenziwa eSpain ekuphakameni kweRealism njengomnyakazo wobuciko okhona. Ngakho-ke, inhloso yawo eyinhloko kwakuwukumela imvelo, umphakathi namasiko ngendlela ecophelelayo nenenjongo. Ngokunjalo, wagxila ekuvezeni impilo yansuku zonke kanye nokuguquguquka konxiwankulu phakathi nengxenye yesibili yekhulu le-XNUMX.

Izazi-mlando eziningi zikhomba ukuthi izimfanelo zenoveli yamaqiniso yaseSpain zahlanganiswa cishe ngonyaka we-1880. ababhali bamanoveli abadumile abanjengoJuan Varela noma u-Emilia Pardo IBazán—ngaphandle kwabaseGaldós noClarín okukhulunywe ngabo ngenhla— bakhethe isitayela esingcolile nesithembekile. Isimo esinjalo senqubekelaphambili sidale ukulahlwa kwemikhakha yomphakathi egcina imithetho.

Izici

• Kwama njenge uhlobo lokuveza isimangalo nokugxeka komphakathi;
• Naphezu kokuba inhlangano exhumene kakhulu nomphakathi wonxiwankulu, inoveli yamaqiniso wasebenza ukubamba isifiso sokuvuselela kanye nenqubekela phambili yabantu jikelele;
• Inhloso ecacile yokuchaza impilo yansuku zonke emigwaqweni, ngaphandle kwemishwana eyandisayo noma enengqondo;
• Idalula ukungezwani kosopolitiki, ukuwohloka kokuziphatha kwabefundisi, amanga omphakathi, ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu kanye nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo kwabantu;
• Ukwakhiwa kwezinhlamvu ezinephrofayili yezengqondo, isimo somzimba nezimo zengqondo zomuntu ojwayelekile, namaphutha abo kanye nokuphikisana. Akukho okuhlanganisa amaqhawe namaqhawe abalulekile ababhali bothando;
• Umxoxi wazi yonke imininingwane mayelana nama-protagonists: okwedlule, ukuhlukumezeka, okwamanje, imicabango namaphupho. Bavame ukuthinteka endaweni abahlala kuyo futhi, ngakho-ke, bavame ukuhlazeka nokwehluleka;
• Ababhali banikeza ukuhlobana okukhulu kwabesifazane nasemiphakathini ngaphezu kokuhlolwa komuntu ngamunye;
• Umlando ongakhethi ubaluleka kakhulu;
• Ababhali baba nomkhuba wokucwaninga nokubhala imibhalo ukuze uchaze kabanzi ukulandisa okuseduze ngangokunokwenzeka neqiniso;
• Umxoxi wethula izehlakalo njengofakazi, ngaphandle kokuvumelana nombono wakhe kanye nombono okude;
• Ukuhambisana nomlingiswa owazi konke womxoxi, intambo yokulandisa iveza indida kwezinye izimo futhi ifuna ukuqondisa umfundi kwezinye (ngokubaluleka kwezinye izehlakalo kanye/noma abalingiswa, isibonelo);
• Izingxoxo ezichazwe ngokushuba;
• Ukusetshenziswa kolimi olunembayo, olungenayo inkulumo-nkulumo futhi efanele isiko lomlingiswa ngamunye, ngakho-ke, ujwayelene nenkulumo eyinhlamba lapho umongo ukudinga, kanye nezisho, amagama angaphandle nezisho;
• Isakhiwo sokulandisa esinemigqa, enesiqalo nesiphetho esichazwe kahle, lapho ukweqa kwesikhathi kwenzeka ngokungajwayelekile (noma kungenzeki nhlobo). Nakuba kukhona okuhlukile: ukusetshenziswa kwe-analepsis ukufaka isandla ekuqondeni a isimo samanje;
• Ukusatshalaliswa kwalokhu okubizwa ngamanoveli e-thesis, lapho, umbhali uphikisa ukusabalala kwemibono yakhe mayelana nesihloko sesizinda seqoqo.
• Ababhali bamaqiniso babehlale bezama ukungaphuthelwa noma yimiphi imininingwane ekumeni kwezwe nezangaphakathi (ukuhlobisa, izakhiwo, ubuhle kanye nezilinganiso zesikhala, phakathi kokunye). Kwenzeka okufanayo nabalingisi: ukuthinta, ukushukuma komzimba, imizwa, ukuzwakalisa...

Ababhali bamanoveli abayizifanekiselo zamaqiniso ombhalo weSpanishi kanye nemisebenzi yabo evelele kakhulu

• UJuan Valera (1824 - 1905): Pepita Jimenez () Juanita the Long ();
• UBenito Pérez Galdós (1843 - 1920): I-Perfect Lady (1876), UFortunata noJacinta (1886-87) Iziqephu Zezwe (uchungechunge lwemiqulu engama-48);
• U-Emilia Pardo Bazán (1851 - 1921): I-rostrum (1883), I-pazos de Ulloa (1886-87) Izinganekwane Marineda (1892);
• Leopoldo Alas - Clarín (1852 - 1901): I-Regent (1884-85) Ukuxoxisana (1894), Usale kahle Mvana (inoveli emfushane);
• UVicente Blasco Ibáñez (1867 - 1928): Ibhalekisi (1898), ICathhedral (1903), Abagibeli bamahhashi abane be-apocalypse (1916).