U-Emilia Pardo Bazán

U-Emilia Pardo Bazán.

U-Emilia Pardo Bazán.

I-Countess kaPardo Bazán Wayengumuntu obaluleke kunabo bonke besifazane eSpain phakathi namashumi eminyaka adlule ekhulu le-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX.. Ngenxa yokuqeqeshwa kwezemfundo okunothile okunikezwe ngubaba wakhe, u-Emilia Pardo Bazán wagqama njengomlobi, intatheli, umbhali wemidlalo, umhumushi, umfundisi kanye namaphayona wamalungelo abesifazane.

Umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala ubanzi kakhulu, uhlanganisa amanoveli, izinkondlo, ama-eseyi, ukuhlela nokugxeka. Impikiswano kwakuyisimo esivela njalo empilweni yakhe njengoba wayehlala esebenzisa izindlela zobuciko ze-avant-garde (njengesandulela semvelo) futhi ekuvikela ngokuqinile ukulingana ngokobulili. Ngalesi sizathu, ngaphandle kokuthola okungaphezulu kokwanele, akazange angeniswe eRoyal Spanish Academy.

Ubuntwana, ubusha nemisebenzi yokuqala

U-Emilia Pardo-Bazán no-de la Rúa Figueroa Wazalwa ngoSepthemba 16, 1851, emndenini wezicukuthwane waseLa Coruña, eSpain. Wayengumlobi onobuchule, kusukela ebusheni bakhe wakhombisa ukuthambekela kokufunda nokusebenza kwengqondo. Lapho eneminyaka engu-13 wabhala inoveli yakhe yokuqala, Ukuzilibazisa okuyingozi (eshicilelwe ngo-2012).

Ngemuva kokuhlanganisa iminyaka engu-16 (1868) washada noJosé Quiroga wayohlala eMadrid. Lezi zithandani zahamba kakhulu eYurophu; Ngokusho kwababhali bezindaba, kwakuyinyunyana ehambisanayo. UDoña Emilia ushicilele imibhalo yalolu hambo ephephandabeni i-El Imparcial, nayo encwadini yakhe OkweYurophu yamaKatolika (1901), lapho ancoma khona ukuhamba okungenani kanye ngonyaka ukuze aziqeqeshele ukuzifundisa kwezemfundo, kanye nokuveza isidingo se "Europeanization" yaseSpain.

Lo mbhangqwana wawunezingane ezintathu: uJaime (1876), uBlanca (1879) noCarmen (1881). Ngaleso sikhathi wenza izincwadi zakhe zokuqala njengombhali, i-eseyi Ukutadisha okubucayi kwemisebenzi kaFather Feijoo nencwadi yezinkondlo UJames (ezinikele endodaneni yakhe yokuqala), zombili zisebenza kusukela ngo-1976. Isayensi YamaKristu. Uma u-Emilia Pardo Bazán naye evelele kokuthile, bekungenxa yemishwana yakhe edumile.

Eminyakeni elandelayo, u-Emilia Pardo UBazán wayethola udumo nge, UPascual López, umlando wesifundo sezokwelapha (1879) futhi Isikhathi sangemva komshado (1881), amanoveli amabili othando ngesitayela sokulandisa esingokoqobo. Ngokugcina, kuvela izici ezicacile ezibeka indawo yasebukhosini yaseGalician njengomunye wabanduleli be-Naturalism, ngenxa yezincazelo eziningiliziwe zomzimba wezinto zemvelo nezinhlamvu.

ibinzana ngu-Emilia Pardo Bazán.

ibinzana ngu-Emilia Pardo Bazán.

Ukukhula kwemibhalo

Kusukela ngo-1881, u-Emilia Pardo Bazán wayezoqhubeka nokuxhumana epistolary noBenito Pérez Galdós. Ekuqaleni kwakungubudlelwano bemibhalo, noma kunjalo, ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwe- Umbuzo ovuthayo (Ngo-1883) kwaqhamuka impikiswano enamandla kakhulu ezungeze incwadi eyahlukumeza umyeni wakhe futhi yaholela ekuhlukaneni ngobungane. Ngisho nabangane bakhe abaningi abasondelene naye bahlasela lo saziwayo ngokuba umsebenzi okuthiwa awukholelwa kuNkulunkulu, othanda "izithombe zocansi zaseFrance."

Ngonyaka owandulela (1882), uDoña Emilia washicilelwa I-rostrum, umsebenzi onezici zenhlalo nezombusazwe ezenziwe ngamasu wemvelo, ubhekwe njengomunye wemisebenzi yakhe yokuqala yokuqinisekisa amalungelo abesifazane. Ngokwengeziwe, kulo msebenzi ufaka isigaba sabasebenzi njengesici esibalulekile sempikiswano.

Kuyisigaba lapho evikela khona izincwadi zaseSpain futhi wethula isiphakamiso semvelo ngezindatshana zakhe zobuntatheli ezikhuluma ngo-Émilie Zola, eshicilelwe kulo magazini Inkathi. Ngo-1885 kwethulwa i- Intokazi, ebhekise ezinkingeni zomshado.

Ngo-1886 kwavela inoveli eyaziwa kakhulu ngu-Emilia Pardo Bazán, I-pazos de Ulloa. Kungumsebenzi wemvelo owenziwe emaphandleni aseGalician okhombisa ukungqubuzana phakathi komphakathi ocwengile wamadolobha nabantu abavela ezindaweni zasemakhaya ezibuyela emuva kakhulu. Lapho, abalingiswa bakhombisa indawo kaZola mayelana nomthelela wemvelo kwi-etiology yabantu.

I-athikili ehlobene:
"I-pazos de Ulloa" ngu-Emilia Pardo Bazán

I-pazos de Ulloa wangcwelisa u-Emilia Pardo Bazán njengomunye wabantu abakhulu ababhalile eSpain baphakade. Le noveli ikhuluma ngokubukeka okungokoqobo ekwehleni kwendima yabanumzane emphakathini. Ngo-1887 washicilela Imvelo kamama, inoveli yemvelo elandisa ngokuthatheka kwezihlobo phakathi kwabantu abasha ababili abangazi ukuthi bangabazalwane.

Ukuqhela ebuntwini bemvelo

Ngemuva kokuhlukana nomyeni wakhe, wakwazi ukuzinikela ngokukhululekile ekuhloleni ukuthambekela kwakhe kobuhlakani. Wayevame ukungenela ebuntathelini bezepolitiki nasekulweleni inkululeko yabesifazane. Ngale ndlela, ama-eseyi anjenge Inguquko nenoveli eRussia (1987) noma Owesifazane waseSpain (1890), ehlonishwa ngumphakathi nabagxeki bemibhalo.

Umama Wemvelo, incwadi ka-Emilia Pardo Bazán.

Umama Wemvelo, incwadi ka-Emilia Pardo Bazán.

Yize engazange ayeke ukuncoma izimfundiso zikaZola, ngeminyaka yama-1890 kwaphawulwa indlela ka-Emilia Pardo Bazán yokuqondana nemibono nokufanekisela okuthile, kulimaza imvelo. Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kuqinisekiswa emisebenzini efana ne UmKristu (1890), Izindaba ezikhethiwe (1891), UNkk Milagros (1894), I-Chimera (1895), Izikhumbuzo zeBachelor (1896) Izinganekwane ezingcwele (1899), Intombi emnyama (1908) futhi Mnikazi omuhle (1911), phakathi kwabanye.

Esinye isizathu esaholela ekutheni uPardo Bazán aziqhelelanise nemvelo kwakuyizinhlangano ezinokuzinza ngokobuhlanga, kamuva lapho kubhekiswa khona kumagugu obuhlanga kanye nokuhlaselwa ngokobuhlanga. Kwakuyisikhundla esasizongenela Umdwebo wobuciko (1899), maqondana nokulwa nobuJuda kwendaba kaDreyfus. Kodwa-ke, kuyadingeka ukucacisa ukuthi akazange azichaze njengohlanga (iqiniso eliqinisekiswe ngochwepheshe abaningana bezemibhalo).

I-New Critical Theatre

Ngemuva kokushona kukayise ngo-1890, uDoña Emilia usebenzise ifa lobaba elikhulu ukuxhasa ukwakhiwa kwe I-New Critical Theatre.Ukushicilelwa kwakuthiwa ngumagazini wezenhlalo nezombusazwe owabhalwa nguye ukuhlonipha uBenito Jerónimo Feijoo owayemthanda. Bekubandakanya ama-eseyi, ukugxekwa kwemibhalo, imininingwane yabanye ababhali kanye nocwaningo lwezepolitiki nezifundo zenhlalo ukukhombisa ubuqiniso besikhathi sakhe.

Ngezinsuku zalo zokuqala, I-New Critical Theatre yamukelwa kahle kakhulu ngenxa yesitayela sayo esiqondile, esifushane nesiqotho. Kodwa lo magazini waletha abaphikisi bakhe abasha (ikakhulukazi ezweni elalisadla ngoludala le-aristocracy yaseSpain), ababembiza ngama-stoic and revolutionary (ukusikisela kokuhlubuka, ngokuba nje ngowesifazane).

Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, uPardo Bazán wavalelisa kubafundi bakhe ephikisana nokuthi lo magazini umenzele "ukulahleka kwemali namahlaya."

Ifa lika-Emilia Pardo Bazán

Udlame lwaluyinto eqhubekayo emisebenzini ye-Countess. Ngaphezu kwesisetshenziswa sokuheha umfundi ngezincazelo eziningiliziwe, bekuyindlela yokugxeka ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomzimba, ngokomzwelo nangokwengqondo abahlukumezeka kakhulu emphakathini.

Yize kungakhiphi izindlela zokuhlukunyezwa kwabalingiswa besilisa abadala, Ukuluhlaza kwayo okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu kwabonakala ekuhlukunyezweni okwenziwa yizingane futhi, ikakhulukazi abesifazane. Ngalesi sizathu, uthathwa njengesinye sezishoshovu zokuqala zamalungelo abesifazane. Ikhwalithi, ukuguquguquka kwezinto, nobukhulu bomsebenzi wakhe abuzange buziswe ngokugcwele kwaze kwaba ngamashumi eminyaka ambalwa enyamalale ngokomzimba.

U-Emilia Pardo Bazán ekufundeni.

U-Emilia Pardo Bazán ekufundeni.

Ngaphandle kwesimo sakhe nokwaziwa ngokomqondo, kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zayo umphakathi wamaSpain wama-macho awuzange uyeke ukuhlasela eya eBazán. Umbhali unqatshelwe izikhala azithola ngaphezu kokusebenza kwakhe, ikakhulukazi eRoyal Academy (wenqatshwa kathathu).

U-Emilia Pardo Bazán wadlula emhlabeni ngoMeyi 12, 1921, kunombolo 27 eCalle de la Princesa, eMadrid.


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  6. Amalungelo: Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ungakhawulela, uthole futhi ususe imininingwane yakho.