Izincwadi zikaBenito Pérez Galdos

Lapho umsebenzisi we-Intanethi eqala ukusesha "izincwadi zikaBenito Pérez Galdós" umphumela osheshayo yimisebenzi eminingi emele kakhulu yeSpanish Realism. Futhi, ngenxa yayo Iziqephu zikazwelonke ungene emlandweni ngokuhlukaniswa kwe- "Chronicler of Spain". Ngakho-ke, uBenito Pérez Galdós ungomunye wamagama angenakugwenywa emlandweni wezincwadi zaseSpain.

Ifa lakhe lisekuphakameni "kwamaqhawe" wezincwadi zesiCastilian ezifana noMiguel de Cervantes, uGaspar Melchor de Jovellanos noma uPedro Calderón de la Barca, phakathi kwabanye. Ngaphandle komlando, UGaldós wayengumqambi ovelele futhi ophumelelayo wamanoveli, umbhali wemidlalo ovelele, nombhali wezingcezu eziningana zamahlaya.

Impilo kaBenito Pérez Galdós

Ukuzalwa nobuntwana

Wabhapathizwa ngaphansi kwegama likaBenito María de los Dolores, wazalwa ngoMeyi 10, 1843, eLas Palmas de Gran Canaria. Wayengumntwana weshumi womshado phakathi kukaSebastián Pérez Macías (ukoloneli webutho laseSpain) noDolores Galdós Medina. Ufunde amabanga aphansi eColegio de San Agustín, isikhungo esinohlelo lokufundisa oluthuthukile ngesikhathi saso.

Intsha

Ngesikhathi esakhula waqala ukusebenzisana ngokunikela ngezinkondlo zakhe ezihlabayo, ama-eseyi nezindaba zakhe ephephandabeni lendawo. Uthole iziqu ze-bachelor of arts degree ngo-1862, wazuza eLa Laguna Institute eTenerife. Ngokushesha ngemuva kwalokho, wathunyelwa eMadrid ukuyofunda ezomthetho. Noma kunjalo, Wayengumfundi waseyunivesithi owayengenakho ukuqeqeshwa, ethambekele ekungabikho emakilasini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abasha UGaldós wayekuthanda ukuvakashela ibhodi lezaziso zamasiko enhlokodolobha futhi ejwayele ukuhlangana kwabantu bakubo. Ngokunjalo, eyunivesithi wazenzela ubungani noFrancisco Giner de los Ríos, umsunguli we-Institución Libre de Enseñanza, owamthonya ngeKrausism yakhe. Ngokufanayo, wenza ubungani obuseduze no I-Leopoldo Maye, uClarín.

Umsebenzi wokuqala nokuqala komsebenzi wakhe wokubhala

Kusukela ngo-1865, UGaldós wasebenza njengentatheli ye La Nación, Impikiswano futhi i Ijenali ye-Intellectual Movement eYurophu. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva wayengumbhali ku-Universal Exhibition eParis. Wabuya eFrance ngo-1868 nemibhalo kaBalzac noDickens (abahumusha). Ngokunjalo, wakhipha imibhalo yezintatheli mayelana nokubhalwa koMthethosisekelo omusha ngemuva kokubekwa esihlalweni kuka-Isabel II.

Ngo-1870 washicilela Umthombo Wegolide, inoveli yakhe yokuqala; owandulela i- Trafalgar (1873), owokuqala we- Iziqephu Zikazwelonke. Ngaphambi kokushona kwakhe - okwenzeka ngoJanuwari 4, 1920 - wenza umsebenzi wezepolitiki futhi waqokelwa iNobel Prize for Literature. Kepha ukungahambisani kwakhe nomfundisi kuholele ekunqobeni ukhetho lwakhe yimikhakha elondolozeka kakhulu yomphakathi waseSpain.

«Izincwadi zikaBenito Pérez Galdos», usesho ekudala lulindelwe

Izifundiswa zivame ukuhlanganisa imibhalo kaBenito Pérez Galdós ibe yimijikelezo. Ngamunye wabo ukhombisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo nokufakwa ngokulandelana kwezinsiza zombhali waseCanarian. Izincwadi ezimele kakhulu zichazwe kafushane ngezansi futhi izihloko ezihambelana nesigaba ngasinye ziyashiwo.

Umjikelezo wamanoveli we-thesis

Intokazi ephelele (1876)

Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Intokazi ephelele

UGaldós uzwakalisa ukugxeka kwakhe imicikilisho, ubuphoyimana nobuzenzisi bomphakathi wekhulu le-XNUMX ongasekho nowayephikisana naye: iDoña Perfecta. Ungumfelokazi ohlala e-Orbajosa, indawo ebonisa lokho "okujulile eSpain", emaphandleni. Futhi, Le ntokazi ifisa ukugcina ukuhlonishwa komndeni ngomshado phakathi komshana wakhe uPepe Rey nendodakazi yakhe uRosario.

Ukungaboni ngaso linye phakathi kukaPepe nabahlali base-Orbajosa kuyabonakala, ikakhulukazi nonina omncane kanye noDon Inocencio, umpristi wendawo. Njengoba akhuliswa kumongo othuthuke kakhulu (wamaKhatholika, kepha onenqubekela phambili ngesikhathi sakhe). Ngaphandle kwalezi zimo, kuvela ukukhanga okuqinile phakathi kukaPepe noRosario ... okuphela ngosizi.

Uhlu lukaGaldós lwamanoveli we-thesis:

• Umthombo Wegolide (1870).
• Isithunzi (1870).
• Isibindi (1871).
• Gloria (1876-77).
• UMarianela (1878).
• Umndeni kaLeon Roch (1878).

I-Ciclo de la materia (amanoveli aseSpain anamuhla)

UFortunata noJacinta (1886-87)

Ungathenga incwadi lapha: UFortunata noJacinta

UFortunata noJacinta Ishicilelwe ngamavolumu amane phakathi kukaJanuwari noJuni 1887. Ithathwa njengenye yamanoveli angokomfanekiso - kanye ne I-Regent, elivela kuClarín— lokwenzeka ngokoqobo kwezemibhalo nangekhulu leminyaka leshumi nesishiyagalolunye eSpain. Isakhiwo salo sakhiwe ngobudlelwano obunzulu benzondo yothando phakathi kwabaphikisi bayo ababili. Intambo yayo elandisayo inqunywa yimizwa.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona uFortunata, intokazi enhle eyaziwayo edolobheni lakubo. Unembile futhi unentando eqinile, noma kunjalo, ukuthi amandla abonakalayo agcina edlala ngokumelene naye. Uzakwabo nguJacinta, owesifazane oyinyumba ozwelayo ngokweqile, ogama lakhe lomama liba yikhadi lakhe lokusindiswa ebandlululweni lomphakathi.

Uhlu lwamanoveli avela kumjikelezo wendaba nguGaldós

• Abakhishwe njengefa (1881).
• Umngani omnene (1882).
• UDokotela Centeno (1883).
• Ukuhlushwa (1884).
• Ezika-Bringas (1884).
• Okungavunyelwe (1884-85).
• UCelín, uTropiquillos noTheros (1887).
• Meow (1888).
• Okungaziwa (1889).
• UTorquemada esigxotsheni (1889).
• Iqiniso (1889).

Umjikelezo we-Spiritualist (amanoveli wespanish anamuhla)

Isihe (1897)

Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Isihe

Isihe Kuyinto inoveli lesishiyagalolunye kwabayishumi nanye abakha umjikelezo wokomoya wombhali waseCanarian. Yize lesi sihloko singeminye yemibhalo evelele kakhulu yeGaldós, ayibanga nomthelela omkhulu ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwayo ezingxenyeni ezimbili ku- Ukungakhethi y Abakhululekile. Kwaze kwaba ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1920 lapho lencwadi yathola uhlelo lwesibili futhi yaqala ukuthola ukwamukelwa okufanelekile.

Kule noveli, uGaldós ungena "kwenye iMadrid". Lowo mkhakha wezwe elingaphansi kweMadrid ugcwele abantu abangenamakhaya, izifo nosizi. Lapho, uBenina, incekukazi edlala endabeni - okuthiwa - uyisibonelo sesihe sikaNkulunkulu nesihawu. Noma kunjalo, Ukulandisa kuqukethe incazelo ephindiwe ejulile (futhi eyayinempikiswano ngaleso sikhathi) kusuka kusihloko uqobo.

Uhlu lwamanoveli avela kumjikelezo wezingokomoya waseGaldós

• Ingelosi Impi (1890-91).
• UTristana (1892).
• Isalukazi salomuzi (1892).
• Torquemada esiphambanweni (1893).
• Torquemada esihlanzweni (1894).
• UTorquemada noSan Pedro (1895).
• UNazarin (1895).
• IHalma (1895).
• Umkhulu (1897).
• Casandra (1905).

Umjikelezo wamanoveli asezinganekwaneni

Lo mjikelezo kaGaldós uhlanganisa iziqu ezimbili: I knight enchanted (1909) futhi Isizathu sokungaqondakali (1915). Kuzo zombili usuka ezingqikithini nasekubunjweni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye lemijikelezo yakhe yangaphambilini. Esikhundleni salokho, umbhali waseSpain ukhombisa ubuhle obuhlanganisa izinto zanamuhla nezindatshana ezigcwele amaphupho namaphupho.

Iziqephu zikazwelonke

Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Iziqephu zikazwelonke

Ukuqoqwa kwe Iziqephu zikazwelonke ihlanganisa amashumi amane nesithupha amanoveli omlando, eyenziwe phakathi kuka-1872 no-1912. Le mibhalo ihlelwe ngochungechunge olunhlanu oluhlanganisa umlando waseSpain kusuka eMpini Yenkululeko yaseSpain kuya eBourbon Restoration. Ngenxa yalolu chungechunge olukhulu, uGaldós ufanele ukuthola umehluko we-Chronicler of Spain.

Ngokuphawulekile, uGaldós wayifunda imininingwane yezimpi zikaNapoleoniyise kuyise (owayeyingxenye yebutho laseSpain). Ngendlela efanayo, umbhali wayengufakazi wokuqala womugqa wokubuyiselwa kweBourbon, kanye nemicimbi efana ne-infernal Night of San Daniel (1865) nokuvukela kosayitsheni besigodlo saseSan Gil (1866).

Uchungechunge lokuqala

• Trafalgar (1873).
• Inkantolo kaCharles IV (1873),
• Mashi 19 noMeyi 2 (1873).
• Bailen (1873).
• UNapoleon eChamartín (1874).
• I-Zaragoza (1874).
• IGerona (1874).
• Cádiz (1874).
• UJuan Martin onenkani (1874).
• Impi yama-Arapiles (1875).

Uchungechunge lwesibili

• Impahla yeNkosi uJoseph (1875).
• Imemori yesigodlo kusuka ngo-1815 (1875).
• Ijazi lesibili (1876).
• EMpumalanga Enkulu (1876).
• 7 ngoJulayi (1876).
• Amadodana Ayizinkulungwane Eziyikhulu aseSaint Louis (1877).
• Ukwesaba kuka-1824 (1877).
• Isisebenzi sokuzithandela esingokoqobo (1878).
• Abaphostoli (1879).
• I-friars eyodwa ethe xaxa futhi amanye angaphansi (1879).

Uchungechunge lwesithathu

• Zumalacarregui (1898).
• Mendizabal (1898).
• Kusuka ku-Oñate kuya ePulazini (1898).
• ULuchana (1899).
• Umkhankaso weMaestrazgo (1899).
• Isithunywa sothando (1899).
• I-Vergara (1899).
• IMontes de Oca (1900).
• Ama-Ayacuchos (1900).
• Imishado yasebukhosini (1900).

Uchungechunge lwesine

• Iziphepho zika-'48 (1902).
• UNarvaez (1902).
• Imikhovu ye-clique (1903).
• Inguquko kaJulayi (1903 - 1904).
• U-O'Donnell (1904).
• U-Aita Tettauen (1904 - 1905).
• UCarlos VI ku-Rapita (1905).
• Emhlabeni jikelele eNumancia (1906).
• Prim (1906).
• Lowo onesiphetho esidabukisayo (1907).

Uchungechunge lwesihlanu

• ISpain ngaphandle kwenkosi (1907 - 1908).
• ISpain esibuhlungu (1909).
• U-Amadeo I (1910).
• IRiphabhulikhi Yokuqala (1911).
• Ukusuka eCartago kuya eSagunto (1911).
• I-Canovas (1912).