Ingcaphuno kaJuan Valera
UJuan Valera ungomunye wababhali abaqavile bezincwadi zeSpanishi zekhulu le-XNUMX. Isitayela sakhe sasiyingqayizivele futhi singenakuqhathaniswa, sibonakala ngokubonisa ukuphila kwangempela, kodwa ngendlela ehlotshisiwe neyinhle. Wadala kanjalo Pepita Jimenez (1874), indaba eyamangaza abafundi nabagxeki bangaleso sikhathi, yaba umsebenzi ophawulekayo eSpain nasemhlabeni.
Emsebenzini wakhe omkhulu njengombhali, U-Valera ungene ezinhlotsheni eziningi zemibhalo, weza ezobusa izinkondlo, izindaba ezimfushane, incwadi, inoveli nethiyetha.. Eminingi yale misebenzi isikhishiwe kabusha futhi yalungiselelwa ifilimu, ithiyetha noma ithelevishini. Ngokufanayo, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwethulwe inhlanganisela eminingi yomsebenzi wakhe ophelele, owakamuva owakhonjiswa okokuqala ngo-1995.
Isebenza nguJuan Valera
Pepita Jimenez (1874)
Umsebenzi wokuqala weSpanishi, owaqala ukubhala ngo-1873 futhi wanyatheliswa ngemva konyaka. Umbhali uthi ulungise inoveli emqulwini otholwe ethempelini e-Andalusia. Umbhalo uqukethe izingxenye ezimbili: eyodwa ilandiswa njengombhalo we-epistolary (incwadi evela kumlingiswa oyinhloko eya kumalume wakhe) nenye eqanjiwe kumuntu wesithathu.
Ngo-1895, umculi ovelele waseSpain u-Isaac Albéniz waqamba i-opera esekelwe esimisweni sika- Nugget. Ngokunjalo, iguqulelwe kwi-cinema izikhathi ezine: 1927, 1946, 1975 kanye no-1978. Le nguqulo yakamuva iqondiswe ngu-Manuel Aguado futhi yethulwa ngeziqephu ze-TVE. Inguqulo yeshashalazi eyaboniswa okokuqala ngo-1896 eTeatro del Liceo eBarcelona yakhiqizwa.
Isiqubulo
louis de vargas bekuyi umfundi wompristi amashumi amabili nanye Wabuyela ekhaya eholidini elilodwa lokugcina ngaphambi kokuba bavote. lapho behlangana futhi noyise Mnu. Pedro- wamethula kwingoduso yakhe, uPepita Jimenez. Emangazwe yile ntokazi, lo mfundisi waqala ukungabaza ubizo lwakhe lapho ehlangana nomama wakhe ongamzali wesikhathi esizayo.
U-Luis waqala ngomzabalazo omkhulu ongokomoya phakathi kothando lwaphezulu nolomuntu, awuveza ezincwadini azibhalela umalume wakhe uDean. Ekugcineni, uthando lwalunamandla kunesizathu futhi abantu abasha ababili bathandana ngokuhlanya.. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho uPepita ecindezela uLuis ukuthi embulele konke uyise, ozobamangaza ngokusabela kwakhe.
Lady Light (1879)
Lena inoveli yesihlanu yombhali, eshicilelwe okokuqala encwadini I-Contemporary Magazine phakathi kukaNovemba 1878 noMashi 1879. Njengoba ku Pepita Jimenez (1874), umlingiswa wayo udatshulwe phakathi kothando lwenyama nolwasezulwini. Nokho, ukuqhubeka kwezenzakalo akuzange kuholele esiphethweni esijabulisayo. Ngokungafani nomanduleli, umphumela mubi kakhulu.
Ayikho imikhiqizo etholakele.
Isiqubulo
ULuz wakhuliswa nguyise yedwa, i-Marquis yaseVillafría, njengoba unina—owesifazane onemvelaphi engabazekayo—ashona lapho eneminyaka emibili ubudala. Naphezu kokuba semphakathini ophakeme waseMadrid, bobabili kwadingeka bathuthele edolobheni elincane lase-Andalusia. Isizathu: i-aristocrat yachitha ingcebo yayo phakathi nokuzulazula enhloko-dolobha yaseSpain
Uma isifakiwe I-Villafria, i-marquis, owayevele emoshekile ngokwezimali, wagula wafa. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, washiya uDon Acisclo—imenenja yomkhaya—ephethe iLuz. Ngakho-ke, owesifazane osemusha waba ngowesifazane ofundile ongenazo izinhlelo zomshado. Kodwa, konke kwashintsha lapho ehlangana nomfundisi uDominico Enrique kanye nendoda yezempi uDon Jaime Pimentel.
Juanita the Long (1895)
Kuyindaba yothando eshicilelwe ku Ukungakhethi phakathi kuka-Okthoba noDisemba 1895. Izenzakalo ezibikiwe zenzeka eVillegre, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Itulo layo ligxile kwezothando phakathi kwendoda endala nentombazane.. Le noveli igqama ngokuthinta kwayo amahlaya, izinkulumo ezakhiwe ngendlela ecokeme, kanye nencazelo yobungcweti yeSpain yangaleso sikhathi.
Isiqubulo
UJuanita ungomunye walaba ubusha amahle kakhulu edolobheni, ngakho, wonke umuntu amadoda akhona bafuna ukumnqoba. Nokho, unendaba kuphela umuntu: Don Paco, i-WHO, naphezu kwe iminyaka yakhe kathathu, ihambisana nayo. Khonamanjalo, bobabili kumelwe balwe ukuze bavikele uthando lwabo emphakathini ongazenzisi owubheka njengontula izindinganiso zokuziphatha.
Genius futhi sibalo (1897)
Ingenye yezincwadi zombhali ezaziwa kakhulu ngenxa yesiphithiphithi esidalwa yindikimba yayo esondelene namanoveli avusa inkanuko yesiFulentshi. Kulesi senzakalo, isenzo senzeka phakathi kweRio de Janeiro neParis, lapho umphakathi ophakeme wazo zombili lezi zindawo uhlanganyela khona. Ngokuhambisana, Indaba igqugquzelwe okuhlangenwe nakho nezindaba zothando zombhali wase-Iberia ngesikhathi esedolobheni laseBrazil.
Isiqubulo
URafaela ngowesifazane wase-Andalusi owaziwa ngokuthi "uLa Generosa", intokazi eyathi, ngenxa yobuqili nobumi bayo, uthole umshado omuhle Umfelandawonye oshiwo ngenhla wamvumela ukuthi agqame eqenjini elicokeme lezenhlalo laseRio de Janeiro naseParis.. Nokho lokho akuzange kuyishintshe imikhuba eyaholela ekutheni athole leso sikhundla, akubanga yize le nto eyaziwa ngokuthi “intombazane vele”.
i-morsamor (1899)
Umsebenzi wokugcina wombhali weCordovan, owashicilelwa eMadrid ngo-1899. Iyinoveli yomlando we-adventure ethinta ezinye izincwadi zezinganekwane. Umlingiswa oyinhloko nguFray Miguel de Zuheros, isakhamuzi esidala sesigodlo esinomlingiswa othukuthele, othukuthele futhi onganelisekile. Kodwa ngolunye usuku uqala ukushiya ukukhungatheka kwakhe ngemuva lapho evuka esemusha ngesenzo somuthi.
Ayikho imikhiqizo etholakele.
Isiqubulo
UFray Ambrosio de Utrera—udokotela womlingo—unikeza umlingiswa oyinhloko i-elixir ebangela ukuba ndikindiki. ekuvukeni, UFray Miguel de Zuheros uzithola evuselelekile. Ngalolu shintsho, le ndoda inquma ukuhamba emhlabeni wonke ihambisana noFray Tiburcio.
Ohambweni lwakho, amakholwa abhekana nezimo ezingapheli phakathi kothando, ukudabuka kwenhliziyo, ukunqoba nokunqotshwa. Ihamba kanjena iminyaka kuze kufike umlingiswa ophambili esigodlweni asuka kuso. Lapho ungavala umjikelezo wempilo yakho ngokuthula futhi ukhuleliswe uthando lwaphezulu.
Mayelana nombhali, uJuan Valera
UJuan Valera
UJuan Valera no-Alcalá-Galiano Wazalwa ngoMsombuluko, Okthoba 18, 1824, kumasipala waseSpain iCabra engaphansi kwesifundazwe saseCórdoba. Abazali bakhe babeyisikhulu seNavy uJosé Valera y Viaña, kanye neMarquesa de la Paniega Dolores Alcalá-Galiano y Pareja. Lapho umlobi wesikhathi esizayo esemncane, umndeni wathuthela eMadrid futhi ngemva nje kwalokho waya eMalaga ngenxa yezibopho zikayise zezempi..
Phakathi kuka-1837 no-1840, UValera wafunda uLimi Nefilosofi esikoleni sobufundisi saseMalaga. Ngo-1841 waqala izifundo zakhe e-Sacromonte e-Granada, lapho athola khona iziqu ze-Philosophy and Law e-University of Granada ngo-1846. Ngesikhathi esenyuvesi waqala ukushicilela izinkondlo zakhe zokuqala futhi wayengumlandeli othembekile wezinkondlo zothando.
Umsebenzi wediplomatic nepolitiki
Ngo-1847 waqala njengenxusa lapho ejoyina inxusa eNaples ngu-Ángel de Saavedra, uMbusi waseRivas. Ngenxa yalokhu, wadabula eYurophu naseMelika, lapho ayesebenza khona ezindlini zamanxusa ezibalulekile zaseSpain. Ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi nanye, wanquma ukuhlala eMadrid futhi ashiye okwesikhashana izinhlaka zamanxusa ukuze azinikele kwezombusazwe.
Umsebenzi wezincwadi
waqala eyakhe umsebenzi wokubhala njengembongi ngencwadi yakhe yokuqala izinkondlo ezisankondlo (1844), okwathengiswa amakhophi angu-3 kuphela. Kwakungo-1874 lapho engenela uhlobo lokulandisa nge Pepita Jimenez (1874). Kamuva, waqhubeka namanye amanoveli aphumelelayo afana nalawa: Inkohliso kadokotela uFaustino (1875) futhi Commander Mendoza (1877).
Lesi sigaba sokuqala njengombhali wamanoveli sivale nge Lady Light (1879), kamuva wathatha ikhefu ngenxa yobumpumputhe bakhe oba buba bubi. Naphezu kwezimo ezinzima kangaka, eminyakeni eyishumi nesithupha kamuva waqala kabusha umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala ngezindaba ezine ezintsha eziqedwe ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe (kwenzeka ngo-April 18, 1905). Phakathi kwale misebenzi kugqame Juanita the Long (1895) futhi Genius futhi sibalo (1897).
Amanoveli kaJuan Valera
- Pepita Jimenez (1874)
- Inkohliso kadokotela uFaustino (1875)
- Commander Mendoza (1877)
- hlakanipha (1878)
- Lady Light (1879)
- Juanita the Long (1895)
- Genius futhi sibalo (1897)
- i-morsamor (1899).