I-lyric

I-lyric iyinkulumo ebhaliwe yemizwa. Yigama elibanzi, kwesinye isikhathi okunzima ukulichaza ngokombono osetshenziswe ukuklanywa kwalo. Ngokungangabazeki, ukubaluleka kwayo kubaluleke kakhulu. Kungoba ibilokhu isetshenziswa ababhali bazo zonke izikhathi ukuze baveze emhlabeni imizwa, imizwelo nemibono ejulile mayelana nezihloko ezingenakubalwa.

Ngokufanayo, izingcezu zomculo ziye zabhalwa cishe ngazo zonke izilimi zaseNtshonalanga. Imvamisa yenaI-lyric ihlukaniswe ngama-subgenres amaningana, ahlukaniswe ngamabhuloki amabili. Okungukuthi, izinhlobo ezinkulu: iculo, iculo, i-ode, i-elegy, i-eclogue, ne-satire; nezinhlobo ezincane: i-madrigal ne-letrilla.

Iziqalo

I-lyric ingenye yezinhlobo eziyisisekelo zemibhalo yendawo yonke. Ngaphambi kwedrama nokulandisa. Kodwa-ke, ukuvela kwegama okwamanje okunika incazelo ngeke kuqale ukusetshenziswa kuze kube sekhulwini le-XNUMX. Ngaphambi kokuthi kukhulunywe izinkondlo nokuhlukahluka kwayo okuhlukile.

Ithatha igama layo kwihabhu. Ngoba kusukela eGrisi lasendulo kuze kube ukuwa koMbuso WaseRoma, imisebenzi yezinkondlo kwakuyizingoma ezazisondelene kakhulu nale nsimbi yomculo. La mavesi - bekukhona nendawo yokuphrojusa, kepha lokhu bekungeyona into ejwayelekile - bekuhloswe ukuthi kuculwe noma kufundwe.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo nokuthuthukiswa kwe-lyric

Ihabhu nezinkondlo zahlukanisa izindlela zabo ngokuqhubekayo. Ngokulandelana, iprozi ithuthuke kakhulu kude nobulukhuni obubekwe yimvumelwano nezigqi ezingwaqa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-minstrel troubadours anikezwe inkululeko eyengeziwe yokuguqula uhlobo.

Ngoguquko olwenzeka ngokufika kwe-Renaissance, ikhefu labonakala. Eqinisweni, le nkathi imelela ushintsho. Kusukela lapho, kusingathwe imiqondo emibili ezimele, yize ihlobene ngokungenakuphikiswa: izinkondlo ezihaywayo nokuhlabelela okunomsindo.

Emcabangweni ohlangene

Ngomkhakha obalulekile wabantu, ukukhuluma ngama-lyrical namuhla kukhawulelwe kuphela emcabangweni wokucula okunengoma. Ngokufanayo, ukwahlukaniswa (futhi hhayi okuqondile ngaso sonke isikhathi) ukwahlukaniswa kwenziwa phakathi kwe- "tenors and sopranos". Lokho kusho ukuthi, okwamanje bonke labo "abacula ingoma" baqoqiwe. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi irejista yamaphimbo ihlukile yini kubaculi bomculo abasanda kushiwo nabathandwayo.

I-Lyricism

Njengombono, lyricism ngisho kamuva; "ukuqala" kwayo okusemthethweni kwaqoshwa ngonyaka we-1829. Kuvele encwadini evela ku-Alfred Victor de Vigny, imbongi edumile yaseFrance, umbhali wemidlalo yokudlala nongumbhali wamanoveli. Ngokubona kwakhe, "izingoma eziphakeme kakhulu" zazimiselwe ukufana nenhlekelele yanamuhla.

Izici ezijwayelekile

Njengoba kunikezwe ububanzi bomqondo, ukusungula izici ezijwayelekile ze-lyric kungathathwa njengesenzo sokuphikisana. Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi wakhe isethi yezici ezivamile. Ngaphandle kokuthi iningi labo liphendula kakhulu emibonweni "yesiko".

Ukuzithoba okuphelele

Uma ukucabanga okuhle sekuvele kungumbono ongaqondakali - ngisho nomuntu ongathathi hlangothi kwezinye izinhlobo zemibhalo - ku-lyric kudluliswa ngokuphelele. Umbhali unesibopho nelungelo lokuveza ngokukhululekile imizwa yakhe nemizwa ngemicimbi ethile noma izisusa.

Awukho uzimele

Yebo kukhona abalingiswa; kukhona i-protagonist ("into enomsindo"); kuchazwa amanye amaqiniso. Kodwa ku-lyric ukumelwa "kwesakhiwo" akunakho ukusebenza, okubalulekile ekulandiseni nasekulingiseni. Ngisho nakwezinye izindatshana ukuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo esithile "sokulandisa" kungasetshenziswa - ngendlela engenakuphikiswa, ngabalobi nabafundi.

Ngalesi sikhathi, okunye kokuphikisana kwethulwa lapho kuhlaziywa izinkondlo zomculo ezihlukile ekuculeni okunesigqi. Isizathu? Well, opera (the subgenre par excellence when speaking of "musical lyric") idinga "ukwakhiwa okumangazayo". Ngenxa yalokho, awukwazi ukuyeka itulo "lakudala".

Okwezimbongi, isikhathi esincane

Ngaphandle kokuhlukile, izinkondlo zomculo ziyincwadi emfushane, enemigqa embalwa. Uma inkulu kakhulu, ikhawulelwa emaqabungeni ambalwa. Lesi simo ngokwengxenye sidalwe imvelaphi yaso, ngoba labo ababecula futhi behaya kwakufanele bazifunde ngekhanda izinkondlo. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuzange kushintshe ngisho nalapho kufika umshini wokunyathelisa.

Ukucwengwa kwezilimi

Ubuhle bekulokhu kuyigugu elibaluleke kakhulu kwizimbongi. Ngakho-ke, yenaukukhetha kwakhe amagama akubanga kuphela ngenxa yokufuna imvumelwano. Kukhona nentshisekelo yokudlulisa imizwa ngezithombe, etholakala ikakhulu ngokusebenzisa izibalo ezifana nezingathekiso.

Nokho, kuze kube yiNkathi Ephakathi lokhu kucwengwa kwezilimi bekungeke kubekwe ngaphezu komculo nomculo. Isigqi, ngaphandle kwesigqi, bekungamathuluzi ayisisekelo wokufeza umculo othandwa kakhulu. Lesi sici siye saqhutshwa kwaze kwaba izingoma eziningi zamanje zomculo.

Isitatimende uqobo

Ku-lyric, i- ukuzithoba kwezifiso zombhali. Ngale njongo, lIningi lazo libhalwe kumuntu wokuqala. Yize abanye ababhali bephendukela kumuntu wesithathu, kumane nje kuyinsimbi yezinkondlo. Ngakho-ke, akusho nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ukuyekethisa kwemibono yomuntu siqu.

Isimo sengqondo

Isimo sengqondo somculo siyisici esibalulekile lapho kwakhiwa lezi zingcezu zobuciko. Ngokwengxenye, kufingqa isimo sengqondo sombhali lapho ebhekene nokudalwa kwakhe, futhi ikakhulukazi, into enomsindo. Ngokuyisisekelo ungakwenza ngezindlela ezimbili eziphikisanayo nezikhethekile: ngethemba noma ithemba elibi. Ngokwengeziwe, isimo se-lyrical sihlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu:

Isimo sokumemezela

Isikhulumi esiyi-lyrical (umbhali) wethula ukulandelana kwezikhathi zezehlakalo ezenzeka noma ezenzeka entweni eyindilinga noma kuye uqobo. Ngokusobala noma phakathi kwemigqa, umbalisi uzama ukwethula izehlakalo ngendlela eyiyo.

Isimo sokudlulisa izikhalazo

Eyaziwa nangokuthi isimo sengqondo se-apostrophic. Esimweni esinjalo, imbongi ibuza omunye umuntu ongaba yisibalo esimele into enomsindo noma umfundi. Inhloso ukusungula inkhulumomphendvulwano, noma ngabe izimpendulo ziyakhiqizwa noma cha.

Isimo sengqondo esichazayo

Ngaphandle kwezihlungi, umbhali uvulela umhlaba ngendlela eqotho; isikhulumi sikhombisa futhi sixoxisane naso, sinikeze imibono yomuntu kanye neziphetho. Kwezinye izimo kusho ukuhlangana okuphelele phakathi kwesipika nento enomsindo.

Izibonelo zomculo

"Sonnet XVII", uGarcilaso de la Vega 

Sicabanga ukuthi umgwaqo uya ngqo,
Ngize ukuzovela ebubini obunjalo,
Angikwazi ukucabanga, ngisho nangobuhlanya,
okuthile kokwaneliseka isikhashana.

Insimu ebanzi ibonakala incane kimi,
ubusuku obucwathile kimi bumnyama;
inkampani emnandi, ebabayo futhi enzima,
nenkundla yempi enzima umbhede.

Ephusheni, uma kukhona, leyo ngxenye
kuphela, okungumfanekiso wokufa,
kufanelana nomphefumulo okhathele.

Nokho, njengoba ngifuna ngingubuciko,
ukuthi ngihlulela ngehora ukuthi linamandla amancane,
nakuba kuye ngangizibona, lowo owedlule.

"Uhambo olucacile", uJuan Ramón Jiménez

Futhi ngizoya. Nezinyoni zizohlala, zicule;
nensimu yami nesihlahla sayo esiluhlaza izosala,
nomthombo wayo omhlophe.

Njalo ntambama isibhakabhaka siyoba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi sizole;
futhi bazodlala, njengoba namhlanje ntambama bedlala,
izinsimbi zensimbi.

Abangithandayo bayakufa;
futhi umuzi uyoba musha minyaka yonke;
nasekhoneni laleyo nsimu yami enezimbali futhi emhlophe,
umoya wami uzozulazula, ungafisi.

Futhi ngizohamba; Futhi ngizohlala ngedwa, ngingenakhaya, ngingenamithi
luhlaza, awukho umthombo omhlophe,
ngaphandle kwesibhakabhaka esiluhlaza nesibhakabhaka ...
Nezinyoni zizohlala, zicule.

"I-Octava yangempela", uJosé de Espronceda

Isibhengezo sikubona lokho eCeriñola
uGonzalo omkhulu uboniswa ngokunqoba,
iSpanish esihle futhi esidumile siyafundisa
lokho kwakubusa ulwandle lwaseNdiya nolwase-Atlante;
Isibhengezo sasebukhosini esintanta emoyeni,
isipho sikaCRISTINA, ufundisa ngokukhazimulayo,
singambona empini esondele
idabukile yebo, kepha ayikaze yehlulwe.

"Lapho ephuma ejele", uFray Luis de León

Lapha umona namanga
babengivalele.
Sibusisiwe isimo sokuthobeka
yendoda ehlakaniphile ethatha umhlalaphansi
yaleli zwe elibi,
netafula elibi nendlu,
ensimini enhle
ngoNkulunkulu kuphela onobubele,
impilo yakhe idlula yodwa,
bengenamona noma umona.

Ucezu lwe "Igazi Elichithekile", uFederico García Lorca

Angifuni ukuyibona!

Tshela inyanga ukuthi ifike
Angifuni ukubona igazi
ka-Ignacio esihlabathini.

Angifuni ukuyibona!

Inyanga ibanzi.
Ihhashi lamafu amile,
nesikwele esimpunga sephupho
ngeminyezane phezu kwezithiyo. (…)