UVictor Hugo.
"I-Romanticism" ingelinye lalawo magama lapho kungaba umsebenzi wangempela ongenakwenzeka ukuthola incazelo eqinile. Incazelo yalo ebonakalayo isobala "yaziwa umhlaba wonke", kepha ishoda ngazwi linye. Ngokwethiyori, uthando lwezothando luyinhlangano eyaqala eYurophu ngekhulu le-XNUMX futhi yasakazekela eMelika phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elilandelayo.
Inhlangano yezincwadi, okokuqala, yaya kancane kancane yafinyelela nakwezinye izindawo "zamasiko". Ngokufanayo, "isiko" yisibonelo sakudala somqondo onzima kakhulu ukuwubumba. Ngabe ukhona ongakusho ngaphandle kokudlula imisho embalwa? Mhlawumbe yebo. Kodwa-ke, bangaki abangavumelana nezimpendulo ezinikeziwe, ngaphandle kokungeza noma ukusula noma yini?
Ukubonakaliswa kwesikhashana somlando
Maphakathi nenguquko yezimboni, ne-pragmatism eyayizibeka njengemodeli engenakunyakaziswa, i-romanticism yayibuyela kumuntu. Ilayisense yokuya emaphusheni nokungajwayelekile nganoma yisiphi isikhathi lapho kudingeka. Kwaqala njengenhlangano yefilosofi elwa nomcabango onengqondo owabekwa yizihlakaniphi zezombangazwe nezepolitiki.
Inhlangano yezepolitiki?
Ngezinga elikhulu, I-romanticism yazalelwa ukuphikisana nokuqhubekela phambili okunganqandeki kobungxiwankulu. Yebo, kulolo hlelo lwezomnotho lubekwe amabala kuze kube manje "njengolusendle." Ngaphandle kwalowo mcabango, abancane, abathobekile, "ama-pre-industrial" abengeke abe nethuba lokubuyela phambili. Okubhekwa njengobumpofu "njengabampofu", okunye "kungothando".
Ngokwalesi sizathu, I-romanticism yephula imibono esivele isunguliwe. Yimiphi imibono esungulwe ngaphambilini? Kungaba ihaba, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, kuwubudedengu ukusho ukuthi kunjalo. Kepha ngokombono we-pragmatic (lokho okuyindida), impendulo inguyebo. Inqobo nje uma kuyimibono "ephezulu" noma ama-paradigms, amukelwa njengevumeleke yiningi labantu.
Ukuthandana kwezincwadi
Lapho kukhulunywa ngokulandisa kothando, kukhulunywa ngohlobo lwenoveli ende, evame ukubhalwa ngephrozi. Umehluko uma uqhathaniswa nezindaba eziqanjiwe "ezijwayelekile" usengqikithini yemicimbi, ngoba lezi zamuva zenzeka kumhlaba omnandi futhi omangalisayo. Vele, lesi sakamuva akufanele siphathwe njengomthetho onzima futhi osheshayo.
Ngamanye amagama, Lapho ukhuluma ngezimpawu zothando lwezemibhalo, kungcono ukukhuluma ngemicabango noma izitayela. Mhlawumbe indlela engcono yokunikeza ukucaciseleka ngalokhu ngocwaningo lwezibonelo ezithile. Ngalesi sikhathi - ukuze ungangeni ezingxabanweni zomqondo - isincomo ukugxila ekuhlaziyweni ekuqondeni ububanzi bobulili.
Frankenstein… Futhi
UFrankenstein.
UFrankenstein noma i-Modern Prometheus (1818) kusuka ku- UMary ngesizotha kubhekwa ngazwilinye ukuqalwa kwenoveli eqanjiwe yesayensi. Isici esingaziwa kwabaningi ukuthi futhi sikhombisa isibonelo esihle kakhulu sezici ezisobala kakhulu zenoveli yezothando. Yini enye engenangqondo futhi ephikisana namapharadayimende okholo nokuziphatha, kunokubuyisa abafileyo baphile?
Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Frankenstein
Ngesikhathi sokwesaba okubangelwa yingqikithi yengxabano yakhe, umbhali uthatha isikhathi sokuhlola usizi lwabantu. Futhi lokhu ikwenza ngokufaka ingqondo yomphathi wayo ophambili, uDkt.Victor Frankenstein, hhayi ngesilo. Konke kulandiswa ngendlela ecashile kunazo zonke, ngisho nolimi njenge- "rustic" noma "entula ubuqili" njengesiNgisi.
Víctor Hugo
Abaningi babeka lo mFulentshi owenza izinto ezihlukahlukene phezulu kunoma yiluphi uhlu lwababhali bezothando. Futhi-ke, emsebenzini wakhe wesithonjana: Abadabukisayo (1862). Naye kwazalwa umqondo wokuthi "ukuthanda ubuphofu kube yindlala", (ukukhazimulisa ubunzima). Yize lokhu kungukuchazwa okuthobile kunesiphakamiso "senhloso" esibangelwa lo mbhali.
Ngokufanayo, ukuzithoba kumi njengento engenakuphepheka emcabangweni wothando lwezincwadi. Yebo, ifakazela umbono oyingqayizivele wemvelo kumuntu ngamunye, obekwe iqiniso lawo uqobo. Ngakho-ke, ukukuqinisekisa lokho Abadabukisayo Kuyindlela yokubhekela ubumpofu nosizi lwabantu, ayikufanele ukwaliwa ngomsebenzi oncomekayo.
Isikhulisazwi ukuvikela i-Gothic Art
Enye i-classic yothando evela Víctor Hugo es I-Notre Dame de Paris (1831). Amashwa, uthando olukhungathekile nabalingiswa abahlukaniswe. Empeleni, ngenkathi kushicilelwa le noveli kwaba yikholi yokuvuka ifuna ubuqiniso beGothic Art. Ngoba ngangisongelwa kakhulu emuva ngaleso sikhathi.
Izikhathi ze Ubukhazikhazi
Amaqhawe ezothando awaphelele. Banqotshwa yizilingo, bawele ezinkanukweni eziphansi, benze izingqinamba nosathane ... Ekugcineni baba nesikhathi sokuzihlenga noma okungenani bathole ukukhululwa kwaphezulu. Lokhu kungaba isifinyezo ukuveza —Kodwa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukukhanya kakhulu— kwe Ubukhazikhazi (1808). Enye yezingcezu ezibaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke izinganekwane zothando.
Kubhalwe nguJohann Wolfgang von Goethe, Lo mdlalo ungenye yezikhumbuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezinikezwe yiJalimane esintwini. Iqiniso elingelona elincane impela ukuthi iRomanism, ngokusemthethweni, yayinomsuka wayo emazweni oMbuso wasendulo waseJalimane.
Ezamagwababa namakati amnyama
Inkondlo ka-Edgar Allan: umphathi wemfihlakalo, izindaba ezingaphezu kwemvelo nezomcuphi. Isibalo sakhe besilokhu sihlotshaniswa kuwo wonke umlando nezinhlelo ezesabekayo noma eziqanjiwe zesayensi. Njengokungathi lokho bekunganele, U-Edgar Allan Poe futhi wayengumbhali wokuqala omkhulu wezothando ovela kolunye uhlangothi lwe-Atlantic.
Ubuhle be-Gothic balo mbhali owazalelwa eBoston buqhubeka kuze kube namuhla. Ngisho nomthelela wemisebenzi yakhe ufinyelele kubuciko besikhombisa, ngaphakathi "kwemikhiqizo yabathengi abaningi". Ingqikithi yayo itholakala kumafilimu afana ne- Batman nguTim Burton noma IsikhombisanguDavid Fincher. ¿Ikati elimnyama (1843) ngabe kuyindaba yothando? Impendulo inguyebo.
Izinkolelo-ze zamanje zothando
Ifa likaJane Austen
Umuzwa nokuzwela.
Ukucatshangelwa okujwayelekile kwe- Ukuzwela nokuzwela (1811) kaJane Austen njengenye yezinto zakudala kakhulu zothando lwemibhalo akumangazi. Isimo esingalindelekile kwabaningi ukuthi ngaphakathi kwalesi sigaba kukhona ezinye zezihloko nababhali okukhulunywe ngabo ngenhla.
Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Umuzwa nokuzwela
Kusuka e-Austen, okungenani, Kuyadingeka ukukhomba esinye isihloko ohlwini: Ukuziqhenya nokubandlulula (1813). Omunye wemibhalo ebukeziwe kunazo zonke emlandweni, okunikeze ukuhumusha nokuguquguquka okuhlukahlukene kakhulu. I-cinema ibiphethe ukushintsha le ngxabano ibe yi-zombie apocalypse ...
Ukusuka kokuphakeme kuya kokuhlekisayo?
Imithombo yezindaba ebukelwayo kanye nomsindo ikakhulu yiyona ebhekele ukudideka okukhona mayelana nokulandisa kothando namuhla. TOYize abaningi benqaba ukukwamukela — ikakhulukazi abakhuluma iSpanishi - uthando lwezothando "ludakwa" yizimpikiswano ezigxile "emidlalweni enothando." Yebo, ukungathembeki nezinhlamvu zeManichean kugcwele. Zonke lezi zinto zivamile, esikhundleni semvelaphi yazo esemthethweni: inguquko elwa nengqondo.
Ukuthola okuningi, ngekhulu lama-XXI uhlobo lwathunjwa yilokho okwakuthiwa "yizinganekwane zothando olushaqisayo". Imibhalo yokuzijabulisa (eminye), kepha ngaphandle kobunzima. Eqinisweni, iningi lale misebenzi ithwala okuncane (noma cha) maqondana nokulandisa kothando kwangaphambilini. Okungukuthi, ngokomlando, kwakuwukuvuselelwa kwesiko kwesibili.