I-Las utopias, dystopias kanye uchroniasikakhulukazi ezimbili zokugcina asemfashinini kokubili ku-cinema nasezincwadini namasiko ngokujwayelekile, kodwa sekuyisikhathi eside bekhona futhi bayaqhubeka nokutshalwa futhi bakhiqize abalandeli kanye nemilutha. Sizobuyekeza ukuthi bamayelana nani futhi sizokwenza a ukukhethwa ezinye zezihloko ezimele kakhulu.
I-Utopias, i-dystopias kanye ne-uchronias
Utopia
Uchazwa ikakhulukazi ngefilosofi, lo mbono ukhona nasezincwadini. ibhekisa ku a umphakathi owucabangayo, ongenangqondo futhi njeNgamafuphi, ephelele. Ivela emsebenzini kaSir Thomas More ebizwa ngokuthi, Utopia, kusukela ngo-1516, eyabhalwa ngesiLatini futhi yakha umbono womphakathi okahle. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi iqembu elithuthuke kakhulu lisize lowo mphakathi ukuthi uqhubeke uthuthuka.
Kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengesibonelo ukubhuqa noma ukugxeka social, njengoba kuyohlale kukhona ukuphikisana kanye nemifantu emphakathini ukuthi, ngokwencazelo, akuyona into efanayo ngokuphelele.
- IRiphabhulikhi - Plato
Kubhekwa njengesihloko sokuqala sohlobo, nakuba eGrisi lasendulo leli gama lalingekho. Kodwa ke isibonelo sokuqala saleyo ncazelo yomphakathi okahle ukuthi yidolobha lentando yeningi lapho kukhona khona amaqembu amathathu omphakathi: abaholi, abaphethe ngendlela efanele, amaqhawe, avikela ngokusobala lowo mphakathi, kanye nabasebenzi bezandla noma abakhiqizi bengcebo yabo bonke.
- i-atlantis entsha - UFrancis Bacon
Le noveli ixoxa ngendaba ka indawo yenganekwane ehlalwa umphakathi ovumelanayo futhi olinganiselayo, owathuthukiswa ngenxa ye ulwazi lwesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Lokho kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthuthukisa impilo jikelele nakuzo zonke izindawo.
Nezinye iziqu yilezo zika I-utopia yesimanje, ngu-HG Wells noma ukuphela kobuntwana, ngu-Arthur C. Clarke.
i-dystopia
Umqondo ophikisana ne-utopia futhi uvame kakhulu futhi lokho kunikeza ukudlala okwengeziwe kunganekwane yobuciko, lapho lokho umphakathi wemicabango awunabulungiswa futhi unesiphithiphithi futhi akekho ongafuna ukuba yingxenye yawo. Kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi ezindabeni eziningi ze-dystopian izakhi zangempela nezingezona zangempela zikhona noma zihlanganisiwe.
- Umhlaba ojabulayo - Aldous Huxley
Isihloko nakanjani inkomba futhi cishe ohlotsheni oluphezulu lwakudala elabelana ngalo ngokulingana nalo 1984, of George Orwell. Kuyo yomibili, umphakathi lapho abalingiswa benyakaza khona ulawulwa a uhulumeni wobundlovukayiphikiswa ebheka zonke izakhamizi futhi icubungula indalo yobuciko, inkolo kanye nanoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lokubonakaliswa kwamasiko okungelona lokhu okubekiwe.
- Indatshana yobumpumputhe - UJosé Saramago
Enye incwadi yakudala exoxa indaba yokuthi isifo esiphuphuthekisa abantu sisakazeka kanjani ukuze sibe bhubhane futhi kucasule umphakathi we-dystopian lapho i ukuzithanda, the i-chaos nokuphelelwa ithemba futhi, futhi, ukulawulwa uhulumeni wengcindezelo.
- Umlando Wencekukazi - UMargaret Atwood
Inoveli eyaziwa kakhulu ye-dystopian yesimanje, into yenguqulo yakamuva yethelevishini egcine ibika yonke impumelelo.
Uchrony
Ichazwa ngokwezwi nezwi njengokuthi "ngasiphi isikhathi", ihlose ukutshela a okunye esikhundleni seqiniso langempela noma elingokomlando okwenzekile Okusho ukuthi, ibuye icabange ukuthi kwenzeke into engenzekanga noma leso sigameko esenzeke siphelile noma savela ngenye indlela.
- uchronia. I-Utopia emlandweni - UCharles Renouvier
kwakuyilokhu isazi sefilosofi saseFrance owokuqala ukusebenzisa leli gama, ekuqaleni owayefuna ukwethula omunye umlando ngendlela esobala, okungukuthi, egqamisa okuhle obekufanele kwenzeke hhayi okubi okwenzeka ngempela. Le ncwadi ikhuluma ngokulandelana kombusi UMarcus Aurelius nini, esikhundleni Ukhululekile, othatha amandla ngu Avid Cassius, okuvimbela ukunqoba kobuKristu eMbusweni WaseNtshonalanga, anqobe amaqaba aseNyakatho futhi yeqa iNkathi Ephakathi ukuze ibe i-European Union engcono.
- indoda enqabeni —UPhilip K. Dick
Ngaphandle kokungabaza, i uchrony of uchronies, noma enye edume kakhulu, yilo msebenzi owenziwe umpetha wenganekwane yesayensi ethinta itimu ehlotshaniswa kakhulu nohlobo: the ukunqoba kwamabutho e-Axis ngokumelene nama-Allies eMpini Yezwe II. Futhi okuphumayo kungenye into engokoqobo enemininingwane eminingi lapho amaNazi enobubi obuphelele futhi ebusa ingxenye yeplanethi. Omunye umsebenzi ohlangene nayo PatrianguRobert Harris.
- Kwathatha isikhathi esingakanani - Ward Moore
Lokho kuphathelene nesinye isihloko esizibophezela ekuqanjweni okungavamile kakhulu noma umcabango, lowo we impi yombango yaseMelika. ingxenye yezinsolo victoria i-del ibutho laseningizimu empini ye Gettysburg, okuholela ekupheleni komncintiswano. Ngakho-ke eminyakeni embalwa kamuva uhulumeni we-Confederate manje onobandlululo nombuso wama-impiriyali obusa yonke iNyakatho neNingizimu Melika futhi ogcina izwe lihlehla futhi lidabukisayo kuzodingeka abhekane nombuso omusha onamandla womhlaba, ongeyena omunye ngaphandle Umbuso waseJalimane.
Ngakho-ke siqeda lokhu kubuyekezwa okufushane kwama-utopias adumile, ama-dystopias nama-uchronies.