I-modernism yemibhalo: ukuthi iyini kanye nezici zayo

NgeSpanishi, igama elithi modernismo libhekisela enhlanganweni yamasiko nemibhalo eyazalwa phakathi kweminyaka ye-1880 kanye ne-1917. Lesi sikhathi saba nentuthuko enkulu ezincwadini zesiCastilian, ikakhulukazi eLatin America. Ummeleli wayo omkhulu kunabo bonke kwakuyimbongi yaseNicaragua, intatheli kanye nosomaqhinga uRubén Darío, nge-anthology yakhe eyinkondlo. Azul (1888). Lo msebenzi umelela ukugqashuka kobuhle ezinhlamvu zesikhathi.

I-modernism yemibhalo yayigqame ngokucwengisiswa, ukuhlotshiswa kanye nokuhlonishwa kwamagama., ngaleyo ndlela kukhiqizwa ukuvuselelwa ekuphathweni kwamamethrikhi nolimi. Kulo mnyakazo kungenzeka ukukhomba ithonya lemisinga emithathu emikhulu yaseYurophu: I-Parnassianism (sesha ukuqonda); romanticism (ukulinganisa lokho okuhlukile); kanye nezifanekiselo (izimfihlakalo okufanele zichaze).

Izici zesimanjemanje semibhalo

Esinye sezici ezijulile zesimanjemanje sombhalo sihlobene nokusetshenziswa kolimi okunempucuko. Enye yezinhloso zakhe ezinhle kwakuwukuthi "ubuciko ngenxa yobuciko". Lo mqondo ubhekisela ekudaleni ngenjongo nje yokukwenza, ngezindlela zesitayela nezinkondlo. Ababhekiseli balo mbutho bakhethe izinkondlo njengendlela ekhethwayo yokukhuluma, njengoba yayibavumela ukuba banyathelise izimpawu ezigcwele ubuhle.

Ukusesha kobuhle

Kubantu besimanje kwakubalulekile ukuthi izithombe zibe zinhle. Ukuphelela okusemthethweni ekuqanjweni kwakuyingxenye yomhlobiso womsebenzi ngamunye. Ulimi oluthuthukisiwe nolunakekelwa kahle, kanye nesidingo sokudala ngaphandle kwezisusa ezinengqondo noma ezinengqondo, kodwa kunalokho ubuciko, kwakha ubuhle bezinkondlo neminye imibhalo yomnyakazo.

ubunono ngolimi

I-Modernism yafuna ubuhle ngokusebenzisa izinsiza zemibhalo ezibekwe ngokwesiko. Ukunaka imininingwane kwakha izithombe ezihlotshaniswa nombala, ukuvumelana, izinzwa nobuciko. I-modernism ye-Literary ibonakala ngokusetshenziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe kwe-alliteration, isigqi esiphawuliwe kanye ne-synesthesia ye-symbolism. Ngokufanayo, ingumsinga odlula izincwadi.

ukwenqaba iqiniso

Okuningi kokubhaliwe okuphathelene nesimanjemanje semibhalo kwenzeka ezindaweni ezintsha, ezingavamile, noma eziqanjiwe. Ama-Modernists ahlala ebalekela iqiniso lezimboni zangaleso sikhathi, lapho kwakungekho ndawo yobuciko nobuhle. Akuyona into engavamile ukuthi ezinkondlweni ukusesha okugcwele kokwaneliseka ngobuhle kungabongwa.

Ukuchichima kokuyigugu

Isimanje samanje sasinomkhuba ocacile wokudala uphawu, izithombe kanye nezindawo eziyigugu. Ubuhle be-Classic bukhona ngenhloso yodwa yokwanelisa isidingo sobuhle. Izimbongi zazithambekele ekusebenziseni ulimi olugcwele izinsiza zokukhuluma ezinhle ezazenza imisebenzi yazo ibe nemininingwane eminingi.

Ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-melancholy namandla

Abaculi besimanje babevame ukuphephela emazweni ahluke kwewabo ngoba bengawuthandi umoya wesikhathi sabo. Lesi esinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani isici se-melancholic singabonakala emibhalweni yalokhu kunyakaza. Kwakukhona ukungathembeki nokuwohloka okuthile phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nelama-XNUMX, okwaqinisekisa isimo sengqondo esimnyama sezimbongi.

Ukudlondlobala kwezomculo

Izinkondlo nemibhalo yesimanjemanje yayinomculo ophawuleka kakhulu. Lo mnyakazo uhlonipha ama-stoles amakhulu akudala. Kusetshenziswa amavesi enkathi ephakathi njenge-dodecasyllable, i-Alexandria kanye ne-eneasyllable.. Ngokufanayo, ihlanganisa okuhlukile kwe-sonnet.

Ithonya lezinganekwane

Izincwadi eziningi zesimanje zithonywa izinganekwane zamaGreki nesiLatini. Ngalo mqondo, Kungokwemvelo ukuthi izinkondlo zigxile ezindikimbeni zazo ngonkulunkulu nemiqondo emihle ehlobene nobunkulunkulu. Ngendlela efanayo, kukhulunywa ngabalingiswa abajwayelekile baseGrisi lasendulo kanye nenkanuko enamathiselwe kubo, okwabanika umoya ophucuzeke kakhulu nowobuhlakani emisebenzini.

cinga inkululeko

I-Modernism, njenge-romanticism, ibonakala ngokuphula imithetho yakudala yezincwadi zesikhathi sayo. Abahlaziyi besimanje bafuna ukuvukela izakhiwo namasiko ukuze bathole izinhlobo ezintsha nezinhle zobuciko..

Ezinkondlweni zale ndlela yamanje yokuhlola kanye namasu amasha agcwele. Baphinde basungula isichazamazwi, ngokusetshenziswa kweGallicisms, Hellenisms kanye nenkolo. Lezi zindlela zazama ukuthola ukungavamile kwamagama ngaphezu kokunemba okufanayo.

isamba samagama

Imbongi URubén Darío, ummeleli omkhulu kakhulu wesimanjemanje eLatin America kanye nezinkondlo zekhulu lama-XNUMX, walungisa imethrikhi yesiCastilian kwelesiLatini. Umbhali uvuselele izigqi ezazibonakala zikhohliwe emavesini, okuhlanganisa nesishiyagalolunye, ishumi nambili neshumi nane. amagama amaningi ngaphakathi kwemibhalo yabo.

Umongo womlando wesimanjemanje sombhalo

Ikhulu le-XNUMX lalizimisele ukusebenzisa umphakathi onezimboni nothanda izinto ezibonakalayo ozinikele emsebenzini. Inguquko yezezimboni yethula isibonelo somphakathi lapho abantu babekhathazeke kakhulu ngokukhiqiza kunokucabanga. Kulo mongo, i-modernism yemibhalo ivela ukuvikela ubuciko, ubuhle kanye nobuciko.

Kunzima kakhulu ukukhomba ukuthi lokhu kwamanje kuvela kuphi. Kodwa-ke, iLatin America ijabulela ababhali besimanje abakhulu. Empeleni, URubén Darío, owazalelwa eMetapa, eNicaragua, ubhekwa njengoyise walenhlangano. Imisebenzi yalo mbhali, eyaziwa ngokuthi "isikhulu sezinhlamvu zaseCastilian", inikezwe iParnassianism kanye nezimpawu eziphefumulelwe yimisebenzi kaThéophile Gautier noPaul Verlaine.

Ngaphezu kukaDario, Abanye ababhali bezethenjwa abakhulu abashicilela engxenyeni yokuqala ka-1880 kwakungalaba: abaseCuba José Martí, i-Dominican Max Henríquez Ureña, imbongi yaseCuba uJulián del Casal, uManuel Gutiérrez Nájera waseMexico, uManuel González Prada wasePeru kanye noJosé Asunción Silva waseColombia. Laba baculi babebizwa ngokuthi "ama-modernists" njengegama elihlambalazayo. Nokho, kamuva ngokuziqhenya balamukela lelo gama.

Imisebenzi ephawuleka kakhulu kaRubén Darío (1867-1916)

• Azul (1888);
• Iprose prose nezinye izinkondlo (1896);
• Izingoma zempilo nethemba (1905);
• Ngiculela i-Argentina nezinye izinkondlo (1914);
• Okungajwayelekile (1896).

Eminye imisebenzi yesimanjemanje yemibhalo

• Inkathi yegolide (1878-1882): UJosé Martí;
• ismaelillo (1882): UJosé Martí;
• Amphoras, Ukuphrinta Umfelokazi waseMontero (1914): UMax Henriquez Urena;
• Inhlanganisela yediplomatic (1916) UMax Henriquez Urena;
• Moran, Francisco. I-Casal à rebours (1996): uJulián del Casal;
• I-Parnassus yaseMexico (1886): USalvador Diaz Miron;
• imizwa yobuciko (1893): U-Enrique Gomez Carrillo.