I- "Poemas Rubén Darío" ingenye yokuseshwa okuvame kakhulu ku-Google, futhi akulona ize, ithalente lale mbongi lalidume kabi. Umbhali wazalelwa eMetapa, eNicaragua, ngoJanuwari 18, 1867. Waziwa eLatin America ngenxa yezinkondlo zakhe - ithalente alikhombisa kwasebusheni bakhe - yize naye ayevelele njengentatheli nongqondongqondo. UFélix Rubén García Sarmiento igama lakhe eligcwele; wamukela isibongo uDarío ngenxa yokuthi amalungu omndeni wakhe, "los Daríos", ayaziwa ngaleyo ndlela.
Ababhali bomlando bakhomba uFrancisco Gavidia waseSalvador njengenye yamathonya abo amakhulu, njengoba kwamholela ekwenziweni kwamavesi aseFrance ase-Alexandria kumethrikhi yaseSpain. Iqiniso ukuthi uRubén Darío uthathwa ngongoti njengommeleli ovelele wezincwadi zesimanje ngolimi lweSpanishi futhi igama lakhe ngu phakathi kwama-greats wezinganekwane zakamuva zaseLatin American.
Intsha
I-biography yombhali ibanzi kakhulu. URubén wathola ukuqeqeshwa kobuntu, wayengumfundi okhuthele futhi engumbhali onekhono. Lapho eneminyaka engu-14 wenza izincwadi zakhe zokuqala ephephandabeni iLeón; kulezo zinkondlo zokuqala uveza umbono wakhe ozimele futhi oqhubekayo, ngaso sonke isikhathi evuna intando yeningi. Ngo-1882 (eneminyaka engu-15 ubudala) uRubén osemusha wenza uhambo lwakhe lokuqala e-El Salvador, njengomvikeli wethimba lamanxusa.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-16, wayesevele enikela emaphephandabeni ahlukahlukene eManagua. Ngo-1886 wathuthela eChile ukuze athole ulwazi lokuba yintatheli emithonjeni yokuphrinta efana Isikhathi, La Libertad y I-Herald; amabili okuqala avela eSantiago kanti awokugcina avela eValparaíso. Kuleli lizwe laseNingizimu Melika wahlangana noPedro Balmaceda Toro, owamethula ezifundeni eziphakeme kunazo zonke ezifundweni, kwezombusazwe nakwezenhlalo zesizwe ezashiya ithonya lazo embongi yaseNicaragua.
IValparaíso kulapho kwanyatheliswa khona ukuqoqwa kwezinkondlo Azul, yaziswa abagxeki bemibhalo njengesiqalo sesimanjemanje. Ngokwengeziwe, lo msebenzi umnikeza ukufaneleka okwanele ukuba abe ngumbhali wephephandaba. Isizwe saseBuenos Aires. Kwathi phakathi kuka-1889 no-1892, waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wokuba intatheli nembongi emazweni amaningana aseMelika Ephakathi.
Kusukela ngo-1892 usebenze njengelungu lethimba lamanxusa aseNicaragua eYurophu, e-IV Centenary of the Discovery of America. Kwakuyizikhathi zokuxhumana nemibuthano yamaBohemia yaseParis. Ngemuva konyaka wabuyela eNingizimu Melika, wahlala eBuenos Aires kwaze kwaba ngu-1896 futhi lapho washicilela imisebenzi yakhe emibili yokuhlanjululwa - echaza inkathi yesimanje ngolimi lwaseSpain. Okungajwayelekile y Iprose prose nezinye izinkondlo.
Imishado nezikhundla zokuxhumana
Ubudlelwano bothando nokunyamalala komndeni okusondele kuphawule ugqozi lwakhe lokubhala. Lapho eneminyaka engu-23 ubudala, uRubén Darío washada noRafaela Contreras Cañas eManagua ngoJuni 1890. Ngemuva konyaka izibulo lakhe lazalwa kwathi ngo-1893 waba ngumfelokazi ngoba uContreras washona ngemuva kokuhlinzwa.
NgoMashi 8, 1893 washada - waphoqwa, ngokusho kwababhali bezindaba - noRosario Emelina. Ngokusobala, uRubén Darío wamiswa ngabafowabo bezempi bomkakhe. Kodwa-ke, imbongi yaseNicaragua yakusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo ukuhlala kwayo eMadrid njengentatheli yephephandaba laseBuenos Aires La Nación ngoba, kusukela ngonyaka we-1898, ukuhlala kwenye indawo phakathi kweParis neMadrid.
Ngo-1900 wahlangana noFrancisca Sánchez enhlokodolobha yaseSpain, owesifazane ongafundile onemvelaphi yabampofu amshada ngohulumeni futhi waba nezingane ezine (kwasala oyedwa, uRubén Darío Sánchez, "Guincho"). Imbongi yamfundisa ukufunda nabangani bakhe (abahlala eParis) u-Amando Nervo noManuel Machado.
Kusukela ekuhambeni kwakhe okuhlukahlukene eSpain waqoqa ukuvela kwakhe encwadini ISpain Yesimanje. IziKronike nemidwebo yezithombe (1901). Ngaleso sikhathi, uRubén Darío wayesevele evuse ukuhlonishwa kongqondongqondo abavelele ababevikela i-Modernism eSpain, phakathi kwabo kwakunguJacinto Benavente, uJuan Ramón Jiménez noRamón María del Valle-Inclán.
Ngo-1903 waqokwa waba yi-Consul yaseNicaragua eParis. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, wabamba iqhaza njengengxenye yezithunywa ezaziphethe ukuxazulula ingxabano yendawo neHonduras. Futhi, ngo-1905 washicilela incwadi yakhe yesithathu eyinhloko: Izingoma zempilo nethemba, ama-swans nezinye izinkondlo.
Ngemuva kwalokho uRubén Darío wabamba iqhaza Engqungqutheleni Yesithathu yePan American (1906) njengonobhala wethimba laseNicaragua. Ngo-1907 u-Emelina wavela eParis efuna amalungelo akhe njengonkosikazi. Ngakho-ke umbhali ubuyele eNicaragua ukuyofaka isicelo sesehlukaniso, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya.
Iminyaka edlule kaRubén Darío
Ekupheleni kuka-1907 waqokwa njengommeleli wamanxusa eNicaragua eMadrid nguhulumeni kaJuan Manuel Zelaya, ngenxa yodumo lwakhe lokuba yimbongi eMelika naseYurophu. Wabamba lesi sikhundla kwaze kwaba ngu-1909. Ngemuva kwalokho, wayephakathi kuka-1910 no-1913 ezikhundleni ezehlukene nasemisebenzini esemthethweni emazweni ahlukahlukene aseLatin America.
Ngaleso sikhathi washicilela Impilo kaRubén Darío ebhalwe nguye e Umlando wezincwadi zami, imibhalo emibili yomlando womuntu ebaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni impilo yakhe kanye nokuziphendukela kwakhe kwemibhalo.
E-Barcelona, wabhala incwadi yakhe yokugcina yezinkondlo: Ngiculela i-Argentina nezinye izinkondlo (1914). Ekugcineni, ngemva kokuhambela isikhashana eGuatemala, ukugqashuka kweMpi Enkulu kwamphoqa ukuba abuyele eNicaragua, lapho afela khona eLeón, ngoFebhuwari 6, 1916. Wayeneminyaka engu-59 ubudala.
Ukuhlaziywa kwezinye zezinkondlo ezaziwa kakhulu zikaRubén Darío
"UMargarita" (Esikhumbuzweni)
“Uyakhumbula ukuthi ubufuna ukuba yiMargarita Gautier?
Kugxilile engqondweni yami ubuso bakho obungajwayelekile,
lapho sidla ndawonye, ngosuku lokuqala,
Ngobusuku benjabulo obungasoze babuya
"Izindebe zakho ezibomvu ngokunsomi okuqalekisiwe
baphuza i-champagne kwi-baccarat emnandi;
iminwe yakho yembule iMargarita emnandi,
< > Futhi bewazi ukuthi ubekuthanda vele!
“Kamuva, oh, mbali yaseHysteria! Ubukhala futhi uhleka;
ukwanga kwakho nezinyembezi zakho benginakho emlonyeni wami;
ukuhleka kwakho, amakha akho, izikhalazo zakho, bekungezami.
"Nantambama edabukisayo yezinsuku ezimnandi kakhulu,
Ukufa, onomona, ukubona ukuthi ubungithanda yini,
Njenge-daisy yothando, ikudicilele phansi igama! ”.
I-Análisis
Lona umsebenzi ophefumulelwe uthando nosizi lokulahlekelwa othandekayo. Itholakala ku Iprose prose nezinye izinkondlo (1896). Ithathwa njengomunye wemibhalo eyandulelayo yesimanjemanje ngolimi lwaseSpain, ebonakala ngokuhlukahluka kwayo ngamasiko, ulimi oluyigugu nokuhleleka.
"Sonatina"
“Inkosazana ibuhlungu… inkosazana izoba yini?
Ukububula kuphunyuka emlonyeni wakhe we-sitrobheli,
ngubani olahlekelwe ukuhleka, olahlekelwe umbala.
Inkosazana iphaphathekile esihlalweni sayo segolide,
ikhibhodi yokhiye wayo wegolide ayithule;
futhi esitsheni esikhohliwe imbali iyaquleka.
“Ingadi igcwele ukunqoba kwamapikoko.
Kuyakhuluma, umnikazi uthi izinto ezingavunyelwe,
futhi, egqoke obomvu, ama-pirouettes ama-jester.
Inkosazana ayihleki, inkosazana ayizwa
inkosazana ijaha isibhakabhaka esisempumalanga
ujekamanzi uzulazula embonweni ongacacile.
Ngabe ucabanga ngenkosana yaseGolconda noma yaseChina,
noma lapho iflothi yakhe yase-Argentina imile khona
ukubona emehlweni akhe ubumnandi bokukhanya
Noma enkosini yeziqhingi zama-rose anamakha,
noma kulowo ophethe idayimane elicacile,
noma umnikazi oziqhenyayo wamapharele kaHormuz?
"Hawu! Inkosazana empofu enomlomo obomvana
ufuna ukugwinya, ufuna ukuba uvemvane,
unamaphiko akhanyayo, ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka,
uye elangeni ngesilinganiso esikhanyayo semisebe,
bingelela iminduze ngamavesi kaMeyi,
noma ulahleke emoyeni ngokuduma kolwandle.
"Akasasifuni isigodlo, noma isondo eliphotha isiliva,
noma oklebe othakathayo, noma ujester obomvu,
noma ama-swans ngazwilinye echibini le-azure.
Izimbali zidabukile ngembali yenkantolo;
i-jasmine yaseMpumalanga, ama-nelumbos aseNyakatho,
kusuka entshonalanga ama-dahlias nama-roses avela eningizimu.
"Nkosazane empofu ngamehlo aluhlaza! ...".
I-Análisis
"Sonatina" nayo ivela Iprose prose. Ikhombisa izinkondlo ngamamethrikhi aphelele, ngendlela entsha yokuthuthukisa impikiswano yakho, enemininingwane emihle ngezinto ze-chromatic nezishukumisayo. Ngokunjalo, kule nkondlo kunezibalo zezinganekwane zamaGrisi-Latin kanye nezinto zakudala zaseFrance Versailles ezisetshenziswa njengezinsizakusebenza ukuxhumana nemizwa yabo. Kungumsebenzi wokulandisa onenkokhiso enkulu engokomzwelo, utshelwe ngombono osondelene nokuzithoba we-protagonist, inkosazana egcwele usizi.