José Martí

Umusho kaJosé Martí.

Umusho kaJosé Martí.

UJosé Martí wayengomunye wabahlakaniphi abavelele benkululeko yaseMelika. Wazalelwa eHavana ngoJanuwari 28, 1853, waba ngesinye sezizinda ezinkulu zenkululeko yaseCuba. Izazi-mlando eziningi zize zimthathe njengendlalifa yomzabalazo olwa nombuso wamakhosi owawumelwe ngaleso sikhathi nguSimón Bolívar.

Kepha ngale kokuphila kwakhe kwezepolitiki - isici esivame ukuthola ukunakwa ngegama lakhe - wayengumbhali odumile. Ikakhulu, UMartí ugqame ekucacisweni kwama-eseyi nezinkondlo. Okwamvumela ukuthi ajulise umcabango wakhe wezepolitiki ngaphandle kokushaya indiva ukuhlola izindawo zobuhle bomuntu.

I-Biography

Iminyaka yokuqala

Yize azalwa ngaphansi kwelanga laseCaribbean, Wahlala ebuntwaneni bakhe eValencia, eSpain, idolobha lapho kwakudabuka khona ubaba wakhe, uMariano Martí. Lapho eneminyaka engu-13 wabuyela eCuba, lapho ayeyoqedela khona izifundo zakhe zamabanga aphakeme. Lapho wayezoba nezindlela zakhe zokuqala zobuciko, lapho ebhalisa eProfessional School of Painting and Sculpture eHavana.

Ngalesi sigaba wezwa ingxabano yakhe yokuqala neziphathimandla ezaziphethe kulesi siqhingi. Ngokuqondile, Wabekwa icala lokuvukela umbuso ngemuva kokutholakala kwencwadi eyabhalwa nguye okuqukethwe kwayo kwakubiza abafundi ababili "izihlubuki" ukubhaliswa ebuthweni elilwa nenkululeko. Ngalokhu, wagwetshwa iminyaka eyisithupha ejele. Kepha ngenxa yemizamo yabazali bakhe, wadingiselwa eSpain.

Ukwakha inganekwane

ESpain waya ezifundweni zaseyunivesithi eMadrid naseZaragoza. Ku-alma mater wasenhlokodolobha yase-Aragon wathola iziqu ze-Civil Law, Philosophy and Letters. Ngaleso sikhathi uJosé osemusha wangena ezweni lobuntatheli njengomhlanganyeli eDiario de Avisos de Zaragoza.

Le ngxoxo kwakuyincwadi enesimo se-republican, okwakuyindlela yayo yokuqala ehlelekile yalolu chungechunge lwemicabango yezepolitiki. Kusuka lapho waba "ngumuntu wezwe" ... Wasuka eParis waya eNew YorkWahlala isikhathi sokuqala eMexico futhi wachitha izinyanga ezimbalwa eGuatemala.

Ukulangazelela, isizathu sokuphila

Ngohambo ngalunye, uMartí wakhulisa umbono wakhe kwamanye amaqiniso. Ngokunjalo, wayephila izindaba zothando ezijulile, ezinye zazo ezibonakala emsebenzini wakhe wokubhala. Noma kunjalo, umqondo wokukhulula izwe lakhe ejokeni laseSpain wawusuvele ucacisiwe engqondweni yakhe.

Uxoshiwe futhi

Ngo 1878, Wayeseshadile futhi enendodana, uJosé Martí wabuyela eCuba ngenhloso eqinile yokuphoqa inkululeko yezwe. Ngale njongo, wasungula iCuban Central Revolutionary Club kwathi ngemuva konyaka kwavela lokho okwakuthiwa "yimpi encane". Lokhu kuvukela emfushane kuhlonyiwe kwaba umzamo wesibili wokuzimela ngokumelene nomqhele waseSpain.

Ukuvukela kwalawulwa ngokushesha. UMartí wabanjwa futhi wathunyelwa futhi ekudingisweni (eNew York). Kepha kwakungekho ukubuyela emuva. Ngisho iqiniso lokuhlangana nonkosikazi wakhe kanye nendodana yakhe edolobheni laseMelika akumphazamisanga enjongweni yakhe eyayikade ilindelwe: inkululeko yaseCuba. Inhloso eyagcina imlahlekisele ngempilo yakhe, ngakho-ke, akakaze ayibone ifezekile.

Usaziwayo

Ngawo-1880, UJosé Martí wathola udumo olukhulu engxenyeni enkulu yeLatin America. Isimo esisuselwe ekuvuthweni kwakhe njenge-eseyi. Vele, izincwadi zakhe emaphephandabeni nakumamagazini ahloniphekile we i-Latin America babenesisindo esikhulu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ngokubamba iqhaza kwakhe emisebenzini yokuzimela kwelinye lamakoloni okugcina aseSpain phesheya kwezilwandle.

Amavesi wamahhala.

Amavesi wamahhala.

Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Ayikho imikhiqizo etholakele.

Isikhathi esifushane wayeseCaracas, eVenezuela. Icebo lakhe kwakungukuhlanganisa kusukela oLwandle lweCaribbean oluseningizimu, lonke uchungechunge lwetulo lokuketula abakoloniyali ababehlala beqinile eCuba. Kodwa-ke, waphoqeleka ukuba abuyele kwi-Big Apple ngemuva kokuthi uMongameli u-Antonio Guzmán Blanco emxoshile ezweni ngenhloso yokubhala indaba yakhe Umagazini waseVenezuela.

Umsebenzi wokubhala kaJosé Martí

Ngaphandle kwesiphithiphithi sezepolitiki esasimise impilo yakhe, uJosé Martí wayehlale ethola isikhathi sokubhala. Ngaphezu kwama-eseyi, umsebenzi wakhe uhlanganisa izinkondlo, izindaba ezimfushane, imidlalo yeshashalazi kanye noveli. Ezokuqala zaziwa kakhulu, ngoba eziningi zazo zabangela ama-isms weqiniso ngenkathi enyatheliswa ngenxa yesitayela sokubhalwa okubhaliwe.

Wethu América

Enye yezincwadi ezidume kakhulu zikaJosé Martí yile IMelika yethu. Lesi sihloko savela ngoJanuwari 1891 ku- Umagazini waseNew York Illustrated futhi ku Iphephandaba leLiberal Party yaseMexico. Lo mbhalo umele imodeli yalokho okushiwo "i-eseyi yanamuhla".

Ngamanye amagama, isitayela se IMelika yethu kungukuhlangana okuphelele kokucabanga okujulile kobukhona ("Okomhlaba", kepha hhayi okomoya, ngomqondo "wakudala" waleli gama). Ngokuhlanganiswa neprozi ebabazekayo njengoba kuchazwa, okuthi, kude "nokuthandisa" okuqukethwe, kukunikeze amandla amakhulu.

Ifa elisika nhlangothi zombili

IMelika yethu ngezinga elikhulu ifingqa umzimba wemibono "kaMartinian" (ngokusobala omelene ne-imperialist). Ngakho-ke, ubuza abaseMelika ngokuthatha kuphela ilungelo lokuzibiza "ngabaseMelika." Ngokulinganayo, igqugquzela ukuhlangana kwawo wonke amazwe aseLatin America njengeyona ndlela kuphela yokubhekana nalokho ekubheka njengosongo olusha (i-US) yesifunda.

Ngenxa yalokho, UMartí wazibonakalisa enombono onembe kahle, okwazi ukulindela izehlakalo eziningi ezizayo. kanye lapho ikoloniyalizim yaseSpain yanqotshwa. Ngokusobala, le mfundiso "elwa neYankee" "idunwe" ngabaholi abaningi baseLatin American kwesokunxele ukuze bathethelele ukuhlala kwabo emandleni kuze kube namuhla.

Izinkondlo zikaJosé Martí

Bengicabanga ngawe, ngezinwele zakho

Bengicabanga ngawe, ngezinwele zakho
ukuthi izwe lesithunzi lingaba nomona,
futhi ngafaka iphuzu lempilo yami kubo
futhi bengifuna ukuphupha ukuthi ungowami.

Ngihamba emhlabeni ngamehlo ami
kukhulisiwe - hawu, ukulangazelela kwami! - kubude obungaka
ukuthi ngentukuthelo yokuzidla noma ngamahloni alusizi
isidalwa esingumuntu sabakhanyisa.

Phila: -Kwazi ukufa; ingiphatha kanjalo-ke
lokhu kuseshwa ngeshwa, lokhu okuhle okuhle,
futhi bonke ubuMuntu emphefumulweni wami buyabonakala,
futhi ngiphenya ngaphandle kokholo, ngiyafa ngokukholwa.

Hlakulela i-rose emhlophe

Hlakulela i-rose emhlophe
ngoJuni njengoJanuwari
Okomngane oqotho
onginika isandla sakhe esingagunci.

Nangenxa yesihluku esingidabulayo
inhliziyo engiphila ngayo,
Ukulima inkunzane noma imbabazane;
Ngikhulisa i-rose elimhlophe.

I-Precursor of Modernism

I-anthology encane.

I-anthology encane.

Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Ayikho imikhiqizo etholakele.

Ngenkathi eba "ngumphostoli wenkululeko yaseCuba", uMartí akagcinanga ngokuzinika isikhala sakhe sokubhala. Ubuye wahlaziya amafomu wesitayela nobuhle asetshenziswa kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe, ikakhulukazi ezinkondlweni. Eqinisweni - njengohlobo lwesingathekiso somcabango wakhe wezepolitiki - uvikele inkululeko yokudala phezu kwendlela yakudala.

Indida engafanele futhi engenakugwemeka yemibono

Mhlawumbe, izikhundla zakhe "ezilwa nama-impiriyali" kube yinto ethokozisayo kulabo "bafundi" abafuna ukususa ukubaluleka kwayo ngaphakathi kwesimanje nezincwadi ngokujwayelekile. Kepha kunoma yikuphi, zizohlala zizithoba futhi, ngezinga elithile, izitatimende ezingalungile. Ngoba uJosé Martí wenza ubuqhawe ngokuya ngezidingo zomlando weSizwe sakhe.

Angalawula kanjani labo abasebenzise ukucabanga kwakhe ukuze bazizuzise? Ngabe osopolitiki abamemezela kakhulu imibono ye "Martinian" basebenza ngokuhlangana? Izikhundla zomqondo eceleni, Ngeke isuswe endaweni yayo engathandeki emlandweni wezincwadi zesimanje zaseLatin American..


Yiba ngowokuqala ukuphawula

Shiya umbono wakho

Ikheli lakho le ngeke ishicilelwe. Ezidingekayo ibhalwe nge *

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  1. Ubhekele imininingwane: Miguel Ángel Gatón
  2. Inhloso yedatha: Lawula Ugaxekile, ukuphathwa kwamazwana.
  3. Ukusemthethweni: Imvume yakho
  4. Ukuxhumana kwemininingwane: Imininingwane ngeke idluliselwe kubantu besithathu ngaphandle kwesibopho esisemthethweni.
  5. Isitoreji sedatha: Idatabase ebanjwe yi-Occentus Networks (EU)
  6. Amalungelo: Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ungakhawulela, uthole futhi ususe imininingwane yakho.