Iphathi lembuzi

Iphathi lembuzi (2000) yinoveli yomlando eqanjiwe eyabhalwa ngumnqobi odumile wasePeru weNobel Prize for Literature, uMario Vargas Llosa. Uzungu lususelwa kumarekhodi omlando ahlobene nokubulawa kukamashiqela waseDominican uRafael Trujillo, yize abalingiswa bakhe abaningi bengakaze babekhona ngempela.

Ngokufanayo, ukwakhiwa kabusha ngobuciko kwemicimbi kuzungeza izindaba ezintathu eziphambananayo. Owokuqala ugxile ku-Urania Cabral, owesifazane osemusha obuyela eDominican Republic ukuyohlangana nobaba wakhe ogulayo. Okwesibili kubukeza izinsuku zokugcina zempilo kaTrujillo kanti okwesithathu kugxile kubabulali bakamashiqela.

Sobre el autor

UJorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa wazalelwa e-Arequipa, ePeru. Wafika emhlabeni ngoMashi 28, 1936. Uyena kuphela umntwana womshado phakathi kuka-Ernesto Vargas Maldonado noDoña Llosa Ureta. UJorge Mario omncane wasebenzisa ingxenye yokuqala yobuntwana bakhe nomndeni wakubo womama eCochabamba, eBolivia, ngoba abazali bakhe bahlukana phakathi kuka-1937 no-1947. Lapho wafunda eColegio La Salle.

Ngemuva kokuhlala isikhashana ePiura kanye nonina kanye nomkhulu womama, umbhali wakusasa wathuthela eLima ngemuva kokubuyisana kwabazali bakhe. NoMnu. Ernesto Vargas wayehlala njalo enobudlelwano obabunezinkinga, njengoba ubaba wakhe wayethukuthele futhi ekhombisa inzondo ngokuthanda kwendodana yakhe. Enhlokodolobha yasePeruvia wafunda esikhungweni sobuKristu.

Imisebenzi yokuqala

Lapho eneminyaka engu-14 ubudala, ubaba wakhe wambhalisa eLeoncio Prado Military Academy, isikole esiqine kakhulu sokubhoda esizosebenza njengesisekelo sombhali wesikhathi esizayo encwadini yakhe yokuqala, Umuzi Nezinja (1963). Ngo-1952 waqala umsebenzi wakhe wobuntatheli ephephandabeni Okungalapheki de Lima njengentatheli kanye nengxoxo yendawo.

Incwadi yakhe yokuqala yobuciko yayiyisiqephu semidlalo yaseshashalazini, Ukundiza kwe-Inca (1952), yethulwe ePiura. Kulelo dolobha waqedela i-baccalaureate yakhe esikoleni iSan Miguel futhi ubesebenza ephephandabeni lendawo Umkhakha. Ngo-1953 waqala izifundo zakhe ze-Law and Literature eSan Marcos University eLima.

Umshado wokuqala bese uthuthela eYurophu

Ngo-1955 washada ngasese nomalumekazi wakhe uJulia Urquidi (lesi sigcwagcwa sagqugquzela izehlakalo ezilandiswa ngazo U-anti Julia noMbhali). Lo mbhangqwana wahlukanisa ngo-1964. Khonamanjalo, uVargas Llosa wasungula - kanye noLuis Loayza no-Alberto Oquendo- de Izincwadi zokubhala (1956-57) nangokuthi Umagazini Wezincwadi (1958-59). Ngo-1959 waya eParis, lapho asebenzela khona iFrance Radio Television.

Ngawo lowo nyaka, uVargas Llosa washicilela incwadi yakhe yokuqala, Amakhosi, ukuhlanganiswa kwezindaba. Kamuva, con Umuzi Nezinja (1963) umbhali wasePeruvia wajoyina i- "boom" enkulu yezinhlamvu zaseLatin American ndawonye namaqhawe "uGarcía Márquez, uJuan Rulfo, uCarlos Fuentes, uJorge Luis Borges, uJulio Cortázar, u-Ernesto Sábato noMario Benedetti.

Ukungcweliswa

Impumelelo ivunyelwe Mario Vargas Llosa eshiya emuva ezikhathini zesidingo sezezimali, ngakho-ke, wakwazi ukuzinikela ngokuphelele ekubhaleni. SWashada ngo-1965 nomshana womkakhe wokuqala, uPatricia Urquidi, owayenezingane ezintathu: Álvaro (1966), Gonzalo (1967) noMorgana (1974). Ngo-1967, wathuthela eLondon, lapho asebenza khona njengothisha eQueens Mary College.

Phakathi neminyaka elandelayo wahlala isikhashana eWashington futhi kamuva nasePuerto Rico. Ngo-1971 wathola i-Doctorate in Philosophy and Letters eComplutense University of Madrid. Ithisisi yakho yobudokotela, UGarcía Márquez, indaba yokubulala (1971), ikhombisa ingxenye yomsebenzi wobungcweti kaVargas Llosa njengomhlaziyi wezincwadi.

Umcabango wezepolitiki

Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, uMario Vargas Llosa wakhombisa ukuqhathanisa okukhulu emcabangweni wakhe wezepolitiki. Ngesikhathi esemusha wayengumsekeli wokuthambekela kobuKristu futhi ephikisana nanoma yikuphi ubushiqela. Ngesikhathi seminyaka yama-60 waba nokuhlangana okuphawulekayo maqondana neNguquko yaseCuba kaChe Guevara noFidel Castro.

Ku-1971, lokho okubizwa nge- "Padilla case" kwaveza ikhefu eliqondile nobukhomanisi. Kakade phakathi neminyaka yama-70s wayethambekele kakhulu ekukhululekeni ngokulingene futhi waba yilungu lobumongameli bePeru. Wanqotshwa ngu-Alberto Fujimori okhethweni lwango-1990.

Umsebenzi wakhe ngezibalo

Ngo-1993, uVargas Llosa wafunga ifulegi laseSpain. Ngemuva konyaka wangeniswa eRoyal Spanish Academy. Kuze kube usuku, Umsebenzi wakhe uhlanganisa amanoveli ayi-19, izincwadi zezindaba ezi-4, izincwadi zezinkondlo ezi-6, ama-eseyi abhaliwe ayi-12 nemidlalo eyishumi, phakathi kwezinye izincwadi eziningi zezintatheli., amadokhumentari, ukuhumusha, izingxoxo, izinkulumo nezikhumbuzo.

Ama-accolades nemiklomelo ebaluleke kakhulu

I-athikili ehlukile ingachazwa kuphela ngemisebenzi ehlotshisiwe kaMario Vargas Llosa eLatin America. Yize, ngaphandle kokungabaza, izingqopha-mlando zawo ezivelele kakhulu kube yilokhu okulandelayo:

• Umklomelo wePrince Asturias Wezincwadi (1986).
• Umklomelo weMiguel de Cervantes (1994).
• Umklomelo kaNobel Kwezincwadi (2010).
• Udokotela UHonoris Causa:
  • I-Hebrew University yaseJerusalema. U-Israyeli (1990).
  • IQueens Mary College yaseYunivesithi yaseLondon. I-United Kingdom (1990).
  • Ikholeji yaseConnecticut. I-United States (1990).
  • IBoston University. I-United States (1990).
  • IHarvard University. I-United States (1999).
  • IMeya yase-Universidad de San Marcos. I-Peru (2001).
  • UPedro Ruiz Gallo National University. I-Peru (2002).
  • ISimon Bolivar University. IVenezuela (2008).
  • Inyuvesi yaseTokyo. IJapan (2011).
  • Inyuvesi yaseCambridge. I-United Kingdom (2013).
  • Inyuvesi yaseBurgos. ISpain (2015).
  • IDiego Portales University. I-Chile (2016).
  • ILima University. I-Peru (2016).
  • INyuvesi Kazwelonke yaseSan Agustín de Arequipa. I-Peru (2016).

Ukuhlaziywa Iphathi lembuzi

Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Ayikho imikhiqizo etholakele.

Umqondo

Ngokusemthethweni, uRafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina wayengundlovukayiphikiswa waseDominican Republic phakathi kuka-1930 - 1938 no-1942 - 1952. Empeleni, UTrujillo wabamba amandla e-de facto cishe iminyaka engama-31 (waze wabulawa ngo-1961). Mayelana nalokhu, kunokufaniswa nengoma ye-merengue ethi "Babulala imbuzi", ecashunwe nguVargas Llosa ekuqaleni kwencwadi. Ngakho-ke isihloko sencwadi.

Izimpawu

Ukungabi namandla kocansi komashiqela

Kuyo yonke le ncwadi, uTrujillo ukhombisa ukuziphatha okweqile ngomzimba wakhe nangemikhuba yakhe yansuku zonke (inhlanzeko yomuntu, iyunifomu, uhambo ngqo)… Ngendlela efanayo, ukuqinisa isikhundla sakhe esivelele, umongameli wayejwayele ukuthatha amakhosikazi nezihlobo zamalungu kahulumeni wakhe.

Ngakho-ke, lapho i-autocrat iqala ukukhombisa izimpawu zokungalawuleki nokungabi namandla okuya ocansini, ubona lesi simo njengokuntenga komuntu kanye nombuso wakhe. Kungaphezulu, ukungasebenzi kahle kwakhe kungabaza ukuzibona kwakhe (umsindisi wezwe "we-alpha wesilisa").

Ukuthula okuhlangene

Umlingiswa ka-Augusto Cabral akakwazi ukuphendula imibuzo ephakanyiswe yindodakazi yakhe. Lokhu kweqiwa kubonisa ubunzima obudingekile bezinkampani zangaphandle ekuhlanganiseni noma yimuphi ubushiqela. Ngakho-ke, UDon Augusto akakwazi ukuthethelela isihluku sikaTrujillo noma ukungabi bikho kobulungiswa, ngaphambi nangemva kokushona kukamashiqela.

Ikhaya lomndeni wakwaCabral

Ikhaya lomndeni wakwaCabral likhombisa ukuwohloka kwezwe elake laba lihle kakhulu eladilizwa ngamashumi eminyaka yobushiqela. Leyo ndlu iyisithunzi salowo owahlala i-Urania ebuntwaneni bayo, iyindawo enenkinga efana nempilo yomnikazi wayo.

I-Urania Cabral

I-Urania imele izwe lonke lithukuthele iminyaka engamashumi amathathu nguTrujillo. Yena, owayeziqhenya ngokugcina ubumsulwa bakhe ngaphambi komndeni wakhe, wanikelwa nguyise uqobo kumashiqela wobushiqela njengendlela yokubonisa ukwethembeka kwakhe. Yize ukukhathazeka kuhluphekile, ekugcineni kwendaba u-Urania uthathe isinqumo sokuvuselela ubuhlobo nomndeni wakhe. Okungukuthi, kufanekisela ithemba lokubuyisana kwezwe.

Odadewabo bakaMirabal

Lab 'odade ababonakali ngqo ekulandiseni, kepha bamele amandla okumelana nabesifazane ku-despotism. Baba ngabafel 'ukholo ngemuva kokubulawa umbuso ngenxa yeqhaza labo njengabaholi babafundi. Ngalesi sizathu, bakhunjulwa njengamaqhawekazi ngabanduleli besakhiwo esaphela ngokufa kukaTrujillo.

Indida

UVargas Llosa uchaza ukuphikisana okukhulu okukhona ezweni elonakele ngokuphelele, lapho osopolitiki bayo bangenza noma yini ukuze baphile. Lokhu kuyabonakala ekulandiseni kwentukuthelo ehlupheke u-Urania Cabral. Ngubani owathembisa ukuhlala eyintombi nto uma uTrujillo exolela uyise, kepha ubaba wakhe wanquma ukumnikela kumashiqela ukuze athole ukuxolelwa.

Ngokunjalo UJoaquín Balaguer - owaziwa njengo "mongameli wonodoli" - ukwazile ukubaleka ngokujeziswa ngemuva kokushona kukamashiqela (yize wayexhumene kakhulu nombuso). Eqinisweni, uBalaguer wayengumuntu oqavile ekulawuleni umndeni wakwaTrujillo nasekuqhakambiseni inguquko yenkululeko.

Isakhiwo

Ukuqeda ukubulawa kukaTrujillo, ukubamba iqhaza kwamalungu amaningi kahulumeni kwakudingeka. Ingani nezikhulu zombuso zazifuna ukuwa kobushiqela. Yebo, akekho noyedwa owayefuna ukunweba ubuhlakani obukhona kanye nobuphekula bombuso obasungulwa ngezinsizakalo eziyimfihlo ezaziphethe ukucindezela noma yikuphi ukusikisela kobuqili.

Ezinye izingathekiso eziphawulekayo

• "Kwakudingeka ukuthi kuqedwe lo muntu lapho yonke imicu yaleyo webhu emnyama yahlangana kuye" (ikhasi 174).
• "ITrujillismo yindlu yamakhadi" (ikhasi 188).
• "Yilokho ipolitiki eyikho, ungena ngezidumbu" (ikhasi 263).