Yintoni isincoko soncwadi

Isincoko soncwadi sibalwa njengenye yeentlobo eziphambili kuncwadi. Ifunyanwa ecaleni kwedramaturgy, ibali kunye nesihobe-nangona kukho i-didactic nuance engaphezulu-. Sisicatshulwa esifutshane esibhalwe ngeprozi apho umbhali ehlalutya, ephonononga okanye etolika isihloko ngendlela eqhutywa yintloko kodwa ebhalwe phantsi. Injongo yalo kukuxoxa ngesihloko esithile.

Imixholo yesincoko yahlukene njengobomi ngokwabo. Kubhaliwe malunga nezopolitiko, i-pedagogy, ubugcisa okanye ifilosofi. Indlela yokuxoxisana isekelwe kwimfuno yombhali yokuvakalisa izimvo zabo ngento ethile. Yintoni ejoliswe kuyo kukuzithethelela ezi ngxoxo ngophando ngaphandle kokuba ngumsebenzi wobugcisa.

Iimpawu zesincoko soncwadi

Isincoko soncwadi asiyothisisi okanye i-monograph - le misebenzi ingaphezulu komgangatho wesayensi. Isincoko yingcaciso emfutshane nesimahla ejoliswe kubaphulaphuli abaninzi. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, isebenzisa ulwimi olufuna ukuqondwa ngabona bantu baninzi.

Nangona kunjalo, njengomthetho jikelele usebenzisa izixhobo zesimbo kunye nezibongo. Ezi zinika umdla omkhulu kwingxoxo umbhali anqwenela ukuyiphuhlisa. Ngele ndlela, isincoko soncwadi sineempawu ezithile eziyimfuneko ukuqukwa kolu didi. Ezinye zazo zezi zilandelayo:

• Unikezela ngezimvo ezisekelwe kumsebenzi wophando wombhali;
• Isebenza njengesicatshulwa sokuqala nesokufundisa ukuvelisa iingxoxo;
• Kubhala okunengqiqo okushwankathela isihloko semfundo, ukuziphatha, okanye ixabiso lentlalontle (Wikipedia.org, 2022).

Iinxalenye zesincoko soncwadi

Olona phawu lubalaseleyo lwesincoko soncwadi kukuba luxwebhu olukhululekileyo, olubonisayo nolucebisayo. Ibhetyebhetye kuba umsebenzi wayo kukuvumela umbhali ukuba achaze umxholo kwaye awujonge ngokwembono yakhe.. Kodwa kukho iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ezidla ngokwenza isicatshulwa solu hlobo. Oku kunokuba ngumzekelo wesakhiwo sokuphuhlisa isincoko:

Ukungeniswa

Kweli candelo Umgaqo-siseko wengxoxo yesihloko oza kuphuhliswa kule mihlathi ilandelayo uvezwa. Ngokubanzi, ifuna ukuba mfutshane ukunika indawo kumxholo.

Phuhliso

Kulapha apho umbhali aziphakamisa ngokwakhe iingxoxo. Ezi kunye neethiyori ziyabhencwa. Ungakhankanya imithombo yolwazi ukwazisa umfundi ngeziseko zophononongo lwakho. Eli candelo lidla ngokuba lelona lide kwaye lintsonkothile kakhulu.

Ukuvalwa

Imalunga nezigqibo ekufikelelwe kuzo ngumbhali wezincoko. Nazi iingxoxo zokugqibela zengcamango, kunye nezo mpawu zixhasa iingxoxo zombhali zibalaseliswa. Ngokuqhelekileyo ayilocandelo elibanzi kakhulu.

Izakhiwo zangaphakathi esinokuba nazo isincoko soncwadi

Enkosi kwinkululeko enikelwe yona ngokwayo isincoko soncwadi, isakhiwo sayo sangaphakathi sinokucwangciswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Konke kuxhomekeke kwindlela umbhali anenjongo yokubumba ngayo ingcamango yakhe-izigqibo ngaphambi kophuhliso okanye uphuhliso ngaphambi kokusungulwa. Kuxhomekeka kwimeko, sinazo ezi ezahlukeneyo:

uhlalutyo kunye nokunciphisa

Ngale ndlela yokuqamba, umbhali uqala achaze ingcamango ephambili yengxoxo yakhe. Emva koko uphuhlisa umxholo, anike umfundi ulwazi, aze ahlolisise ithiyori yakhe banzi.

I-Synthesizing kunye ne-inductive

Olu hlobo lwesakhiwo luphonononga iingxoxo ekuqaleni kwesicatshulwa. kwaye ishiya isiphelo unikezelo lwethisisi okanye izigqibo.

yenziwe isakhelo

Kule meko, ithisisi ivezwa ekuqaleni kwesincoko. Embindini kubhalwe iingxoxo kunye neenkcukacha eziqokelelwe ngumbhali wesincoko. Ngokukwanjalo, ithisisi yesiqalo ihlaziywa kwakhona ukusuka kwidatha, ukuze isebenzise izigqibo kamva (idunneditorial.com, 2022).

Iintlobo zesincoko soncwadi

Izincoko zoncwadi zizamile ukuzihlela kumatyeli amaninzi. Nangona kunjalo, into eyahlulayo inento yokwenza nemixholo okanye izikhundla abazijongayo. Eminye imizekelo yoku yile:

isincoko soncwadi seenoveli

Olu hlobo lwesincoko lufuna ukuhlalutya umxholo webali -idla ngokuntsokotha- ukudala iingxoxo malunga nabo. Umzekelo woku UGarcia Marquez: ibali le-deicide, yombhali uMario Vargas Llosa.

isincoko soncwadi sefilosofi

Kukho izincoko ezithile kwizihloko zefilosofi. Nangona kunjalo, ukongeza ekujonganeni nemiba enxulumene nobomi okanye ukufa, uthando okanye uluntu ..., olu hlobo lwesicatshulwa luphawulwa ngokusetyenziswa kobuchule bokubalisa ngobuhlenjengezixhobo zoncwadi.

Izincoko zoncwadi ezixubeneyo

Singazifumana iimvavanyo ukuba chaza ngaphezulu kwesihloko esinye. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba umbhali ufunde ukuthetha ngembali-imbali, imibongo-ifilosofi okanye ipolitiki yoluntu.

Indlela yokubhala isincoko soncwadi

Ngaphambi kokuthatha umsebenzi wokubhala isincoko, kuyimfuneko ukwenza inkqubo yophando ngesihloko esiza kuxoxwa ngaso. Kunceda kakhulu ukwenza uluhlu lweengcamango, ukuhlula, kwaye ulahle ezo zingabonakali zifanelekile..

Ngokwemilinganiselo yakho, umbhali unokusebenzisa okanye aqaqambise ifomula yendalo okanye eyenziweyo ukumnceda ekuqulunqeni isihloko sakhe. Ezi zisenokuba:

• Iingcali zolwimi: ukweyisela umfundi.
• Ngolandelelwano: ezinxulumene nengcaciso yesenzeko.
• I-Didactic: ziphuhliswe ngendlela yokuba zisuke kwizinto ezilula ukuya kwezo zintsonkothileyo.
• kwimidiya res: ukusuka kumbuzo ukuya kwindawo yokuqala yophuhliso.

Ngale nto icacileyo, kunokwenzeka ukuseka ulwabiwo oluthile. Ngokufanelekileyo, kufuneka ubhale ngenjongo yokunikezela ukuqonda okubanzi, enesiphumo esiqolileyo nesanelisayo kubo bobabini isincoko nakumfundi.

Kwelinye icala, xa ubhala isincoko esinengxabano, ithisisi yinxalenye ephambili. Kuyo umbhali kufuneka aveze indawo yakhe.

Kwimeko yesincoko soncwadi esichazayo, umbhali-ncwadi kufuneka anike ingcaciso ecacileyo yesihloko. Akukhuthazwa ukuba isicatshulwa sibe ngaphezu komhlathi omnye okanye emibini (Wikipedia, 2022). Isiphelo sibaluleke ngokufanayo nezinye iindawo. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka ibe yeyona imfutshane kakhulu.

Imbali encinci malunga nesincoko soncwadi

Kuyo yonke isithethe sethu kuye kwakho uluhlu olumangalisayo lweengcinga eziveze izimvo zabo kwihlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, irekhodi yokuqala esinayo yesincoko soncwadi esifanelekileyo -ithiywe ngolo hlobo ngenxa yobutsha bayo besitayile- umhla we 1580. Kulo nyaka umbhali ongumFrentshi uMichel Eyquem de Montaigne (1553-1582) wabhala incwadi yakhe. Uvavanyo. Eli gama livela kulwimi lwabo lweenkobe, kwaye lithetha "ukuzama."

Kwelinye icala, sinoFrancis Bocon (1561-1626), owayeza kupapasha eyakhe Uvavanyo Ngo-1597. Bekungayi kuba yinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo apho olu didi loncwadi luza kuthatha amandla ayimfuneko ukuba lube yiloo nto luyiyo namhlanje. Iintshukumo ezifana nokuKhanya kunye ne-bourgeois Individualism yazisa izincoko kubantu abaninzi ngesandla sikaSamuel Johnson okanye uWilliam Hazlitt (biografiasyvidas.com, 2022).

Imizekelo yezincoko zoncwadi ezidumileyo

Isincoko soncwadi sisebenzele abantu abaninzi abanesiphiwo sobuchule bokuvakalisa izimvo zabo. Ngaloo ndlela, Iingxelo zembali ziqokelele ezona nkcazelo ziqaqambileyo nezingaphaya kwemvelo zezincoko ezikhoyo. Umzekelo wayo yile misebenzi ilandelayo:

• Izincoko zokuziphatha nezopolitiko (1597), nguFrancis Bacon;
• INkosana (1550) UNicolo Machiavelli;
• Umgaqo wombongo (1850), ukusuka U-Edgar Alan Poe;
• Ukucamngca kukaDon Quixote (1914), nguJosé Ortega y Gasset;
• Umoya womthetho (1748) nguMontesquieu;
• isafobe kwakhona (1928), ukusuka UJorge Luis Borges.