Iindinyana zikaSathana.
Iindinyana zikaSathana yinoveli yindumasi yobunyani bomlingo obhalwe ngumbhali wase-Indiya obekwe kwilizwe lase-India, uSalman Rushdie. Ukupapashwa kwayo ngo-1988, yaba yenye yezona ncwadi zineempikiswano kwimbali yakutshanje ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwayo ubuSilamsi. Ngokwenyani, umbhali wazama ukwenza ukuguqulelwa kweQuran kubonakaliswe kwibhayiloji yomprofeti uMuhammad icaciswe nguHunayn Ibn Isḥāq (809-873).
Malunga nombhali, uSalman Rushdie
U-Ahmed Salman Rushdie wazalelwa kusapho olutyebileyo lwase Kashmiri eBombay, e-India, ngoJuni 19, 1947. Emva kokugqiba iminyaka eli-13 wathunyelwa e-UK ukuya kufunda kwisikolo esidumileyo seRugby School. Ngo-1968 wafumana isidanga senkosi (esenza izifundo zobuSilamsi) kwimbali eKing's College, kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge.
Ngaphambi kokuba abhalele ukubhala, uRushdie wayesebenza kwintengiso. Incwadana yakhe yokuqala, Ubunzima (Ngo-1975), waphawula ukuqala kwekhondo eliqaqambileyo njengoko lalinempikiswano. Incwadana yakhe yesibini, Abantwana bobusuku (Ngo-1980) wamthiyela kwimpumelelo yoncwadi kwaye wamzuzela amabhaso awaziwayo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uRushdie upapashe iinoveli ezilishumi elinanye, iincwadi ezimbini zabantwana, a ibali kunye neetekisi ezine eziyinyani.
Imvelaphi Iindinyana zikaSathana
UMiguel Vila Dios (2016) ucacisa ngo Iindinyana zikaSathana kunye nebali loothixokazi abathathu abakhankanywe kwiQur'ān, imvelaphi yesihloko. "Eli gama laqanjwa nguWilliam Muir phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba ukumisela iivesi ezimbini ekucingelwa ukuba zibandakanyiwe nguMuhammad sura 53 okanye Ukuthunyelwa… Kodwa, ethubeni wathatyathwa nguMprofeti ngaphambi kokukhalimela uGabriyeli, iNgelosi yeSityhilelo ”.
Esi siganeko saziwa kwiNkcubeko yamaSilamsi njenge qiṣṣat al-garānīq, Olona guqulelo lwamkelekileyo "libali leekhreyithi". IVila iyichaza kwakhona "njengebali leentsimbi", kuba iintaka zineentloko zabasetyhini. Uninzi lwababhali-mbali balatha ku-Ibn Hišām (osweleke ngo-799) no-Al-Tabarī (839 - 923) njengeyona mithombo iphambili ka-Ibn Isḥāq kwiakhawunti yakhe kwimbali yobomi bomprofeti u-Muhammad.
Impikiswano yabachasi besiganeko
Ibhayografi yomprofeti uMuhammad ebhalwe nguIbn Isḥāq yathunyelwa ngomlomo kuphela, njengoko kwakungekho mbhalo-ngqangi ugciniweyo. Ke, imeko yomlomo yokudlula kwayo isuka kwesinye isizukulwana iye kwesinye inyusa ubunzima kubaphandi bokulandela umkhondo wokuchaneka kweakhawunti. Itshintshiwe kangakanani ingxelo yokuqala? Kunzima ukumisela.
Esi siganeko sakhatywa phantse ngabo bonke abaphengululi abangamaSilamsi phakathi kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX neye-XNUMX; isikhundla esabanjwayo unanamhla. Eyona ngxoxo ixhaphakileyo kwabagxeki ngumgaqo osisiseko wamaSilamsi wokungagqibeki kwemifanekiso yebhayibhile ekuhanjisweni kweSityhilelo esiNgcwele. Ngenxa yoko, eso siganeko saphantse sanyamalala ngokupheleleyo de uRushdie waphinde wayivuselela ingxaki ngenoveli yakhe.
Impikiswano Iindinyana zikaSathana
UPatricia Bauer, uCarola Campbell noGabrielle Mander, bachaze kwinqaku labo (Britannica, 2015) ngokulandelelana kweziganeko ezikhutshiweyo emva kokupapashwa kwinoveli. Kuba ingxelo ehlekisayo ebhengezwe nguRushdie yazicaphukisa izigidi zamaSilamsi kwihlabathi liphela, owathi umsebenzi uyanyelisa. Ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba u-Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini wase-Iran abongoze abalandeli bakhe ukuba babulale umbhali kunye nabahleli bakhe bokuhlela.
Uhlaselo lwabanqolobi kunye nokonakala kobudlelwane bezopolitiko
Imiboniso enobundlobongela yenzekile kumazwe afana nePakistan. Iikopi zenoveli zatshiswa kumazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi- kubandakanya i-United Kingdom- kwaye umsebenzi wawuvaliwe kumazwe amaninzi. Kwakukho nohlaselo lobunqolobi kwivenkile ezithengisa iincwadi, abapapashi nabaguquleli kumazwe afana neJapan, iNgilani, iUnited States, i-Itali, iTurkey neNorway.
Ngenxa yoko, oonozakuzaku boMbutho wezoQoqosho waseYurophu barhoxa abameli babo eIran (nakwelinye icala). Uxinzelelo lwayeka kuphela ngo-1998 emva kokuba i-Iran yamisa fatwa embindini wenkqubo yokulungisa ubudlelwane bezopolitiko no-United Kingdom. Ngaphandle koku, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku uRushdie ukuthintele ukuya kumazwe apho incwadi yakhe yayiyekisiwe kwaye imeko yakhe ayikaze ibe yesiqhelo ngokupheleleyo.
USalman Rushdie.
Indawo kaSalman Rushdie phakathi kwesiphango
Kudliwanondlebe kunye ENew York Times (epapashwe ngoDisemba 28, 1990), umbhali waseIndiya wathi:
“Kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo ndizamile ukucacisa ukuba indima ye Iindinyana zikaSathana ayizange ithukise. Ibali likaGabriyeli lifana nendlela umntu anokutshatyalaliswa ngayo ngokuphulukana nokholo.
URushdie wongeza,
"... amaphupha apho i-vociferous < > zenzeka, ziyimifanekiso yokutshatyalaliswa kwazo. Bachazwe ngokucacileyo ngaphakathi kwinoveli njengezohlwayo kunye nembuyekezo. Kwaye ukuba amanani amaphupha athuthumbisa ophambili kunye nohlaselo lwabo kwiinkolo abonisa inkqubo yakhe yokuqalisa. Ayizizo izimvo zombhali ”.
Ingxoxo eveliswe ngu Iindinyana zikaSathanaNgaba iyavakala?
Kunzima kakhulu ukufumana amabango anenjongo ngokupheleleyo kuphando olunemvelaphi yenkolo. Kwinqaku lakho Yintoni ecaphukisa amaSilamsi malunga neevesi zikaSathana, UWaqas Khwaja (2004) uchaza ukuntsokotha nokuntsonkotha kwesihloko. Ngokuka Khwaja, “… kubalulekile ukubuza ukuba kutheni uninzi lwamaSilamsi lungaboni Iindinyana zikaSathana njengomsebenzi wentsomi ”.
Kungenzeka ukuba amaSilamsi abone umgca phakathi kwengxelo kaRushdie kunye nokuxhatshazwa. Ngayiphi na imeko, kuphakama imibuzo eneempendulo ezahlukileyo ngokokufunda kunye / okanye ngokwasemoyeni komfundi. Yenzelwe le ncwadi? Ngaba umahluko ngokwenkcubeko ungunobangela wokuqonda okuhlekisayo kunye nokuhlekisayo kwiqela elinye labafundi, ngelixa abanye kuyinto ehlekisayo nenkohliso?
Iimpendulo ezahlukileyo kuluntu olunenkcubeko eyahlukeneyo
Inqaku Ukufunda ukwamkelwa okuxubeneyo: imeko yeevesi zikaSathana Ngu-Alan Durant noLaura Izarra (2001) baveza amanqaku aphambili etyala. Abaphengululi bathi: “… ungquzulwano lwasentlalweni malunga nentsingiselo ethi ivele ngenxa yeempendulo ezahlukileyo ezenziwe ngamaqela enkcubeko ahlukeneyo kuluntu lweenkcubeko ezininzi. Okanye ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokufunda kwimeko yemithombo yeendaba ekhulayo kwihlabathi liphela ”.
Iindlela zokuthengisa zencwadi nazo zinokunceda ekuvuseleleni impikiswano Iindinyana zikaSathana. Ewe, izindlu zokupapasha zizabalazela ukubeka iimveliso zazo kumazwe aphesheya njengenxalenye yokujikeleza kweempahla zenkcubeko kwihlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, iintsomi zesayensi ziya kuhlala zinemixholo eyahlukileyo yabafundi ngokweemeko zentlalo yabo kunye noseto kunye namaxabiso alandelayo.
Isishwankathelo kunye nohlalutyo Iindinyana zikaSathana
Isakhiwo esintsonkothileyo kunye nesahluliweyo sigxile kubalinganiswa ababini abangamaSilamsi baseIndiya abahlala eLondon, eGibreel Farishta naseSaladin Chamcha. UGibrieel ngumdlali weqonga ophumeleleyo oye wahlaselwa kutsha nje kukugula ngengqondo kwaye uthandana noAlleluia Cone, umntu okhwela isiNgesi. USaladin ngumdlali kanomathotholo owaziwa njenge "ndoda enamazwi aliwaka", enolwalamano olunengxaki notata wakhe.
UFarishta noChamcha badibana ngexesha lendiza iBombay-London. Kodwa inqwelomoya yadutyulwa phantsi kukuhlaselwa ngabanqolobi baseSikh. Emva kwexesha, kufunyaniswe ukuba abanqolobi ngempazamo baqhushumbisa ibhombu eyakhokelela kwinqwelomoya. Ekuqaleni kwencwadi, uGibreel noSaladin babonakala njengabo kuphela abasindayo kwingozi yenqwelomoya embindini weChannel yesiNgesi.
Iindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo
IGibreel kunye neSaladin bafikelela kunxweme lwesiNgesi. Emva koko bohlukana xa owesibini egcinwe eluvalelweni (nangona ebanga ukuba ungummi waseNgilani kwaye usindile kwindiza), utyholwa ngokuba ungumhambi ngokungekho mthethweni. U-Chamcha olihlwempu wakhula amaqhuma amabi ebunzi kwaye kungumbandela wokugculelwa ngamagosa. Iyabonwa njengokubonakala kobubi kwaye iphathwe njenge-scum.
Ngokwahlukileyo, iGibreel-egutyungelwe yingelosi - ayikabuzwa imibuzo. USaladin akalibali ukuba uGibreel akazange amthethelele, emva koko uthatha ithuba lokubaleka ngelixa wayelaliswe esibhedlele. Ngelishwa, ithamsanqa elibi libonakala limkhathaza, njengoko egxothiwe emsebenzini. Yonke into ibonakala ihamba gwenxa de ungenelelo lukaGibreel luyibuyise ngokupheleleyo imeko yakhe.
Amaphupha kaGibreel
Njengokuba wehlayo uGibreel, uguqulwa abe yingelosi uGabriyeli kwaye uthotho lwamaphupha. Eyokuqala yimbali yohlaziyo lokusekwa kwe-Islam; ziinkcukacha zeli candelo ezingamkelekanga kumaSilamsi amaninzi. Elinye lawona masuntswana anembali yemibono isixelela ngohambo lweqela labanquli abangamaSilamsi ukusuka eIndiya ukuya eMecca.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, uGabriel wayefanele ukuba ahlule amanzi ukuze abo bazinikeleyo ku-Allah baqhubeke nendlela yabo, endaweni yoko, bonke barhaxwa. Kwelinye iphupha, umlinganiswa ogama linguMahound- esekwe kuMuhammad- uzama ukufumana inkolo yokukholelwa kuThixo omnye embindini wedolophu yezithixo, iJahilia.
Ingcamango engaphefumlelwanga yaseMahound
UMahound unombono apho avunyelwe ukuba anqule oothixokazi abathathu. Kodwa, emva kokuqinisekisa (emva kwempikiswano kunye neNgelosi eyintloko uGabriyeli) ukuba esi sityhilelo sasithunyelwe nguMtyholi, uyabuya. Kwikota yeshumi kamva, omnye wabafundi uyeka ukukholelwa kwinkolo yaseMahound.
USalman Rushdie ucaphule.
Nangona, ngoku, abantu baseJahilia (eneneni, sisifaniso seMecca) baguqukile ngokupheleleyo. Ukongeza, oonongogo kwindawo yoonongogo bathatha amagama amakhosikazi kaMahound ngaphambi kokuvalwa. Emva kwexesha, xa uMahound egula kwaye esifa umbono wakhe wokugqibela ungomnye woothixokazi abathathu. Ngokucacileyo, eli lelinye icandelo elihlaselayo lamaSilamsi.
Iingxabano noxolelwaniso
Ekugqibeleni, iGibreel idibana kwakhona neAlleluia. Nangona kunjalo, ingelosi imyalela ukuba ashiye isithandwa sakhe ashumayele ilizwi likaThixo eLondon. Ke xa uFarishta sele eza kuqala umsebenzi wakhe, uqhutywa yimoto yomvelisi wefilimu waseIndiya, onqwenela ukumqesha kwindima eyintloko njengeengelosi enkulu. Emva kwexesha, uGibreel noSaladin bayahlangana kwakhona ethekweni kwaye baqala ukuceba omnye nomnye.
Iingxabano ekugqibeleni zisonjululwa xa, nethuba lokumyeka afe, uGibreel ugqiba kwelokuba ahlangule uSaladin kwisakhiwo esivuthayo. Kwangoko, uSaladin wayewachithile amathuba ahlukeneyo okubulala uFarishta. Emva kwengxabano, uChamcha ubuyela eBombay ukuya kudibana notata wakhe owayesweleka.
IKarma?
Uyise kaSaladin wamnika isixa esikhulu semali. Ke, u-Chamcha ugqiba kwelokuba afumane intombi yakhe endala ukuba adibane nayo. Ngale ndlela, utshintshiselana ngesangqa sakhe sokuxolela nothando. Ngaxeshanye, UGibreel noAlleluia nabo baya eBombay. Apho, phakathi komona, uyambulala kwaye ekugqibeleni uzibulala.