Bust of Homer
Ngowe-1870, uJohann Ludwig Heinrich uJulius Schliemann, usomashishini ongusozigidi owazalelwa ePrussia kunye nomembi wezinto zakudala osafundayo, wakhokela iphulo elafumanisa iintsalela zeTroy. Ngaloo ndlela, ubukho besixeko esichazwe nguHomer kwi I-Iliad, omnye weyona mibongo idumileyo yamandulo.
Indawo: Hissarlik, induli edibana neDardanelles Canal (Turkey). Imfazwe eyaphumela ekutshatyalalisweni kwesixeko saseTrojan yenzeka apho. ngamaGrike aseMycenaean malunga nomnyaka we-1250 BC Emva koko, lo mmandla wawuhlalwa yiHellenes namaRoma ngendlela engapheliyo de s. XIII AD Ukususela ngoko, yonke into eyaziwayo malunga nesixeko sasentsomini yavela kwiileta zikaHomer.
Wayengubani uHomer?
Nangona lelinye lamagama adumileyo oncwadi lwakudala, ababhali bembali abagqibi ukufikelela kwimvumelwano malunga Homer. Isizathu: akunakwenzeka ukwazi ngokuqinisekileyo enoba wayephila okanye akunjalo, ekubeni—ukuza kuthi ga ngoku—akuqokelelwanga bungqina bubambekayo bobukho bakhe. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, uphando oluninzi lufikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ngokwenene yayingababhali abaninzi belo xesha.
abanye iingcali kwimbali bayangqina que imibongo engafiyo kaHomer -I-Iliad y I-odyssey- yingqokelela yesithethe samandulo samaGrike. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, intsomi ikhomba imbongi eyimfama yenkulungwane yesibhozo BC, eyazalelwa kwisixeko saseGrisi yaMandulo. (Iindawo ekusenokwenzeka ukuba zenzeke kuzo yiArgos, eAthene, eColophon, eSmirna, eIthaca, eChios, eRhodes, okanye eSalamis.)
Ukubaluleka kwe Iliad
Kwindawo yokuqala, isithethe samandulo samaGrike kunye nobugcisa buthathwa njengengcambu yokubonakaliswa kwazo zonke iinkcubeko zehlabathi laseNtshona. Ngoko ke, Imibongo ye-epic kaHomer imele ifestile engaqondakaliyo eye yavumela impucuko yanamhlanje ukuba yazi ubuhle, ubugcisa kunye amasiko eGrisi yamandulo.
Ngomqondo othe ngqo, I-Iliad Ibonisa imfazwe ngendlela efanelekileyo ngokusebenzisa umahluko we-archetypes (Achilles, Hector, Andromaca)... Eli cebo labalinganiswa lavela ngelo xesha lihlala lihleli kuncwadi kude kube namhlanje. Ukongeza, isibakala sokuba yasasazwa ngomlomo ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, iphakamisa ukubaluleka kolu dumo.
Isiqwenga se-Iliad
Canto III
"U-Iris, kwelinye icala, kuHelen ephethe iingalo ezimhlophe, kwafika umthunywa, komnye wodade bodadewabo abafana naye, lowo uHelicaon, unyana ka-Antenor, wayenomfazi, uLaodica, ngobuso bakhe kakhulu. wahluka kwiintombi awayenazo uPriam .
Wamfumana endlwini yakhe yobukhosi, apho wayeluke ingubo enkulu emfusa, eyingubo ephindwe kabini, wayiluke kuyo imisebenzi emininzi yaseTrojan, namathole, namathole eAchae, enezigcina-zifuba zobhedu, ababesiva ubunzima ngenxa yakhe. izandla Ares.
Isishwankathelo
Umxholo
I-Iliad ayiquki zonke iziganeko eziphathelele imfazwe phakathi kweTroy neGrisi. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe oko Ungquzulwano lwaqala emva kokubaleka kukaHelena ukuba ahambe noParis, inkosana yaseTroy. Oko kusaba kwamcaphukisa kakhulu uMeneus, owacela uncedo lomntakwabo uAgamemnon—ukumkani waseMycenae—ukuba ahlasele isixeko esasilawulwa nguKumkani uPriam aze ahlangule umfazi wakhe.
Isibetho
Njengoko imfazwe yayingena kunyaka wayo weshumi, abakwaHellenes bahlasela isixeko saseChrysa. Phakathi kokuphangwa, iinkokeli ze-Achaean zahlutha amantombazana amabini amahle njengamabhaso. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Agamemnon wathatha uChryseis, ngelixa u-Achilles - echazwe njengowona mhle kakhulu, unamandla kwaye unamandla kunabo bonke - wabamba uBriseis.
Ke Iingxaki -umfundisi kaCrisa, uyise kaCriseida kunye nozinikeleyo ka-Apollo-wacela ngelize ukubuyisela intombi yakhe kukumkani okhankanywe ngasentla. Phambi kokwala, abantu bonqulo bacela uncedo kuthixo welanga, owathumela isibetho seempuku kwinkampu yamaGrike. Kungekudala emva koko, imboni uCalchas yaxela kwangaphambili ukuba ubhubhani uya kuhlala de ikhululwe intombi ekuthethwa ngayo.
Umsindo ka-Achilles
Ukuhlaselwa kwe-Achilles
Emva kokuba ezinikele kumkhonzi wakhe, U-Agamemnon wagqiba ekubeni athathe iBriseis. Ngokulandelanayo, U-Achilles waba nomsindo waza wakhetha ukuyishiya inkampu (ngemvume kaZeus). Kwakhona, lo thixo wacela uncedo kunina, uthixokazi uTethys. Oku kwaxolelanisa ukupheliswa komlilo phakathi kwamaGrike kunye neTrojans ngenxa yokungenelela kukaZeus. Kodwa isivumelwano ngokukhawuleza saphulwa yiTrojans.
Iduel
Uthixo ophezulu we-Olympus wabonakala ephupheni ku-Agamemnon ukuba amkhalimele ukuba aqhubeke nokuhlasela kweTroy. Xa umlo waphinda waqalisayo, iParis yenza isiphakamiso sokuqubisana noMenelaus, wavuma. Okwangoku, u-Agamemnon noHector, inkosana yeTrojan ephethe ukukhusela isixeko, bavuma ukuba ophumeleleyo uya kuhlala noHelen aze avakalise ukuba nguye ophumelele imfazwe.
Umlo wawujongwe nguHelen noPriam ukusuka kwiindonga zedolophu de uMeneus walimala eParis. Ngelo xesha, u-Aphrodite wangenelela ukuhlangula owokugqibela aze amshiye ekhuselekile kwigumbi lakhe noHelena. Ngaxeshanye, UZeyus wabiza abanye oothixo baseOlympus ngenjongo yokuphelisa olo ngquzulwano kwaye uthintele ukutshatyalaliswa kweTroy.
Impembelelo yoothixo
UHera - umfazi kaZeus - wayichasa ngokunyanisekileyo ingqungquthela ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwangaphambili kothixokazi wothando (amthiyileyo). Ngoko, uthixo weendudumo wathumela uAthena ukuba aphule umlo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, uthixokazi wobulumko waqinisekisa uPandarus ukuba adubule uMeneus ngotolo. Ngaloo ndlela ubutshaba baphinda baqalisa.
Kwicala lamaGrike, ophefumlelweyo (ngu-Athena) uDiomedes wabulala uPandarus waza waphantse wambulala uAeneas, ukuba kwakungengenxa yokuphazamiseka kuka-Aphrodite.. Nangona kunjalo, uthixo wenkanuko naye walimala, ebangela ukuba uAres angenele. Ngeli xesha, uHector waqokelela inani elifanelekileyo labasetyhini kwinqaba yaseTroy ukuze azolise uAthena ngomthandazo.
imbeko
U-Héctor wamkhalimela umntakwabo uParis ngokuyeka ukulwa waza wambuyisela ngaphandle kwesixeko. Kanye kwithafa ledabi, UHector wacela i-duel ekungekho mGrike owaba nobuganga bokuphendula kuyo okokuqala. Emva koko uMeneus wazinikela, kodwa uAgamemnon wamthintela ekulweni. Ekugqibeleni, i-Ajax yakhethwa ilotho ukuba ibhekane nomgcini weTrojan.
Emva kweeyure ezininzi zokulwa, kwakungekho ophumeleleyo phakathi kukaHector kunye ne-Ajax, eneneni, omabini amaqhawe aqaphela ubuchule bomchasi wabo. Ngexesha lengxabano, abakwaHellenes bathabatha elo thuba bakha udonga lokukhusela iinqanawa zabo elunxwemeni.
I-Trojan Advance
UZeus wachaza uloyiso lokugqibela lweTrojans kwaye waxela kwangaphambili ngokufa kukaPatroclus, umzala kunye nomhlobo osondeleyo ka-Achilles. Kanjalo, i-Trojans yajikeleza inkampu ye-Hellenic kwaye yayinethuba elihle loloyiso oluqinisekileyo. Phezu kwako nje ukuwohloka kwemeko yemikhosi yaseGrisi kunye nesibakala sokuba awona magorha abalaseleyo amaGrike enzakala, uAchilles akazange avume ukulwa kwakhona.
Ukongezelela, uZeyus wacela oothixo ukuba bangenzi nantoni na. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, UPatroclus wabuza uAchilles ngezixhobo zokukhokela umkhosi wamaGrike, nangona lo mva wamlumkisa ukuba angahambi kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, owayesakuba wasityeshela isilumkiso-eqiniswa yimpumelelo yakhe ekupheliseni inyambalala yeentshaba-kwaye waphela efile kwizandla zikaHector (encediswa nguApollo).
Ukubuya kwe-Achilles
UHector wahlutha izixhobo zika-Achilles kwisidumbu sikaPatroclus. Emva kwemizuzu embalwa, kwaqhambuka imfazwe enegazi malunga nomzimba onqunu wokutshatyalaliswa ngenxa yokuba ama-Achaeans ayefuna ukuyifumana ukuze amnike imbeko yomngcwabo. Xa uAchilles wafumanisa ukuba kwenzeke ntoni, wathuthuzelwa ngumama wakhe uThetis., owamnika isikrweqe esitsha kuba wagqiba ekubeni alwe kwakhona.
Bust kaHelen waseTroy
Amajoni eTrojan, esaba ukubuya kwe-Achilles, ayefuna ukubalekela kwiindonga zesixeko sabo, kodwa uHector wathi wayekulungele ukujongana ne-demigod. Ngeli xesha, UZeyus wabonisa koothixo ukuba banokungenelela bexhasa icala abalifunayo. Enyanisweni, uAthena, uHera, uPoseidon noHermes bakhetha ama-Achaeans, ngoxa uAphrodite, uApollo, uAres noArtemis baxhasa iiTrojans.
Ukuziphindezela
Oothixo beza kulwa bodwa ngelixa imikhosi ekhokelwa ngu-Achilles ongenalusini nongenakoyiswa wanyanzela ukurhoxiswa kweTrojans. Ekugqibeleni, uHector kwafuneka ajongane ne-demigod emva kokuzama ukubalekela kuye ngokukhuselwa kwelifu elithunyelwe nguApollo. Ngayiphi na imeko, ukufa kwaphoswa: UHector wabulawa ngunyana kaThetis.
Ke U-Achilles ubophe umzimba kaHector kwinqwelo yokulwa ngamaqatha. waza wamrhuqa ejikeleza iindonga zaseTroy phantsi kwejongo eloyikekayo likaAndromache (umfazi womfi) kunye noPriam. Impatho-mbi yesidumbu ithathe iintsuku ezilithoba kulandela ukubhiyozelwa kwemidlalo yomngcwabo emva kokutshiswa kwesidumbu sikaPatroclus.
Imfesane
Oothixo babecaphukile kwizenzo zika-Achilles kwaye baphefumlela u-Priam ukuba ahlasele inkampu ye-Achaean. Ngaphaya, ukumkani weTrojan wabongoza ukuba kubuyiswe izidumbu zonyana wakhe ukuze angcwatywe ngokufanelekileyo; UAchilles wavuma. Emva koko, uthixo nokumkani bazilela ukufelwa ngabantu ababathandayo kunye. Ibali livala ngeentlawulo ezenziwe kuHector eTroy.