Yeyiphi eyona ncwadi ibalaseleyo emhlabeni? Mhlawumbi, kwingcali yezenkolo impendulo ecacileyo iya kuba yiBhayibhile, iTora okanye iKurani. Nangona ziyimibhalo yokunyaniseka okungapheliyo kwaye igcwele amabali axelelwe kakuhle, ukhetho lunye kuphela kubo luvelisa ingxoxo yezenkolo (engeyomfuneko). Yiyo loo nto-ngokungqongqo ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga uhlalutyo loncwadi- abanakuba ngabaviwa kulolo hlulo.
Kwangokunjalo, ukuphakamisa isicatshulwa "njengenombolo yokuqala" kubo bonke ubuntu sisifundo- ngokuqinisekileyo- sisithethi. (Ngaphandle kokuba ngumcimbi wemicimbi yeenkcukacha-manani, umzekelo: inani leekopi ezithengisiweyo). Ngezi zizathu, Kule nqaku, izihloko ezininzi zicetywayo ngokusekwe kwimbali yazo nokubaluleka kwazo kuncwadi lwehlabathi.
UDon Quijote waseLa Mancha (1605), nguMiguel de Cervantes
Ubume bendalo yombhali
ingawenzi Wazalelwa eAlcalá de Henares, eSpain, ngo-1547. Kwasebutsheni bakhe wabonisa umdla kuLwazi loncwadi, eqala ngemibongo. Kamva, Kuhambo oludumileyo oluya e-Itali, wafunda imibongo ethile ye-chivalric echaphazele ukwenziwa kamva kwe Quixote. Umbhali usebenze kwi-Battle of Lepanto kumkhosi wamaKristu, inyani ekwakhuthaza ukubhala kwakhe.
Emva kokubuyela eSpain wabanjwa eAlgiers ngo-1575. Ngelixa wayevalelwe, wabandezeleka kuzo zonke iintlobo zovuyo. Emva kokukhululwa kwakhe, wazinikela kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kwaye wabhala IGalatiya, umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala ophambili. Kamva, waphinda wavalelwa ngo-1597.
Kweso sigwebo sesibini, uCervantes wakhulelwa Quixote, opera inkosi yakhe. Usweleke eMadrid ngo-1616 eneminyaka engama-68.
Ukufaneleka komsebenzi
Indoda enobukrelekrele uDon Quijote waseLa ManchaInxalenye yokuqala yapapashwa ngo-1605 umsebenzi wokuphayona wenoveli yanamhlanje. Oku kungenxa yesakhiwo esiyingozi kunye nenoveli, oko kubandakanya amabali, "iinoveli" kunye nokubandakanywa kwezinye iintlobo ngaphakathi kwesiqwenga sendawo.
nayo, UDon Quijote waseLa Mancha yeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwinkcubeko yokudityaniswa kolwimi lwaseSpain; Oko kukuthi, ulwimi lwesizwe esivela. Inyaniso yokuba ngekhulu leshumi elinesihlanu ookumkani baseSpain bakwazile ukugxotha amaSilamsi kwaye ukufunyanwa kweMelika kwenzeka, kwenza kwalula kuDon Quixote ukuba kamva abe ngumsasazi ophambili weCastilian.
Uthetha ngantoni uDon Quixote?
I-hidalgo evela eLa Mancha iyaphambana ngokufunda iinoveli ze-chivalric kakhulu, ukuya kwinqanaba lokuzixhobisa njenge-knight errant, nangona loo ofisi yayisele inyamalale. Ke, uAlonso Quijano uba nguDon Quixote kwaye "uguqula" abamelwane ababini. Enye yenziwe sisikwere sakhe-uSancho Panza- kunye nesinye isicakakazi sakhe, u-Aldonza Lorenzo, awamkhulisa uDulcinea del Toboso.
Ngale ndlela, i-knight kunye ne-squire yakhe bayokukhangela iindawo ezilungileyo zokuba "wakhe" uDulcinea angafunda ngexabiso likaDon Quixote. Ke, phawula ngazo zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphambeneyo, ufumana ukugculelwa kunye nokugatywa, kodwa unyanzelise izizathu ezingekhoyo de uhlangulwe lusapho kunye nabahlobo. Okokugqibela, asiwe ekhaya, uyaqonda ukuba okwenzekileyo kwavela engqondweni yakhe, uyadana kwaye uyafa.
Ukuhlekisa okungcwele (1304 no-1321), nguDante Alighieri
UDante, imbongi ebalaseleyo
Uthathwa njengeyona mbongi inkulu yase-Italiya ngalo lonke ixesha, uDante wazalelwa eFlorence ngo-1265. Ebuntwaneni bakhe intombazana egama linguBeatrice yayiza kukhuthaza ophambili wehlaya lakhe. Njengomntu oselula, wayiqonda inkumbulo yakhe enamandla, kunye nezakhono zakhe zokuzoba. Wayethetha ngobugcisa bomculo nakwizixhobo.
nayo, ephefumlelwe kukusweleka kukaBeatriz, uthando lwakhe olungenakwenzeka, wabhala i Vita nuova. Emva kwexesha, uDante wafunda ezakudala zesiLatin nefilosofi, watshata, kwaye wazibandakanya kwezopolitiko. Emva kwexesha, wagwetywa elubhacweni, kwathi ngo-1302, watshiswa ephila xa ebuyela eFlorence. Ngesi sizathu, waqala ubomi bokubhadula ezixekweni zase-Itali, de wazinza eRavenna, apho wasweleka khona nge-14 kaSeptemba 1321.
Ilifa le La Udidi oluvela kuThixo
Impembelelo yayo kubugcisa obufana noncwadi, ukupeyinta, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo, umculo kunye nakwinkcubeko edumileyo eseNtshona ayithandabuzeki.. Kwixesha elifutshane singathetha ngokuhla kwesi siqwenga kwi-Romanticism. Ngokufanayo, kumzekeliso kunye nokupeyinta, ukusuka kuDoré ukuya kuBlake; emculweni, uFrankz Liszt; kumzobo, uAuguste Rodin ...
Ukongeza, Ixabiso elikhulu leDantesque Comedy likwisimo sayo kwindalo iphela kunye nasekusebenzeni kwayo kwiinkulungwane ezisixhenxe kamva. Kule meko, u-TS Elliot wathi "Ingcinga inokuba mnyama, kodwa igama linobunkunkqele" ... yiyo loo nto ifundwa ngokufikelelekayo. Ngamafutshane, sisiqwenga esinokufundwa kwivesi okanye kwiprozi, luluntu olukhethekileyo okanye hayi, luzele ngokuthelekiswa okunobuqili.
Malunga nomsebenzi
Uhlobo oluBalaseleyo lukaThixo Ngumbongo wesi-Italiya wohlulwe waba ziinxalenye ezintathu: isihogo, iPurgatory neParadesi, ineevesi ezili-14.333 ezi-hendecasyllable. Ibalisa ngohambo lwembongi uDante, kwinkampani yaseVirgil, ngelabafileyo Ngexesha lamalungu amabini okuqala. Emva kwexesha, kunye noBeatriz wakhe amthandayo, waya kwinxalenye yesithathu, iParadesi.
UDante kuqala uxela ngohambo lwakhe esihogweni kwaye uchaza abalinganiswa njengotitshala wakhe wokuqala. Ngokukhawuleza, baya ePurgatory, indawo yokuhlanjululwa kwemiphefumlo exolelweyo nguThixo. Ekugqibeleni, umlinganiswa ophambili ushiya uVirgilio ukuhamba ngeParadesi kunye noBeatriz. Apho, ejikelezwe kukukhanya kunye neengoma ezimnandi, ufikelela kukonwaba phambi koBathathu Emnye oyiNgcwele.
Hamlet (1601), nguWilliam Shakespeare
Ubomi bukaShakespeare, ngamafutshane
Wazalwa ngo-Epreli 1564 eNgilane, William Shakespeare ithathwa njengomnye wababhali ababalulekileyo kuncwadi lwehlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, kuncinci okwaziwayo ebuntwaneni bakhe nasebusheni, Ngaphandle kwento yokuba wayengunyana kasomashishini wasekuhlaleni kunye nosopolitiki osuka kusapho lwamaKatolika. Ngendlela efanayo, kuyaziwa ukuba umsebenzi wakhe njengomdlali weqonga kunye nombhali wemidlalo yeqonga waqala xa wayesiya eLondon ngo-1590.
Ngexesha lobutsha bakhe waqala ukusebenza kwinkampani yeqonga ye-Lord Chamberlain's Men; Apho waphela engumnini-mnikazi (kunye nokuthandwa kwakhe kwanda). Yongezwe koku, UShakespeare wabhala umbongo omnandi, kodwa wayesaziwa ngamabali akhe abuhlungu (Hamlet o Macbeth, umzekelo). Usweleke ngo-Epreli 23, 1616.
Impembelelo ye Hamlet
Kunokuthiwa ngaphandle kokubaxa ukuba yonke iholo kaShakespearean ithatha isigqibo kwiincwadi zamva. (okwangoku kubalulekile). Ke ngoko, kunzima ukuphawula ukuba ngaba kunjalo Hamlet Kubaluleke ngaphezu kwe- Macbeth yintoni Romeo y Julieta. Nangona kunjalo, kwi Hamlet Unenxalenye emele ngokwenene yonke indalo kaShakespearean.
Ngale nto, kwi Hamlet Ukubaluleka ngokukodwa kwingcinga yendalo iphela inokuqaqanjiswa, kwiilwimi nakwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, umzekelo. Kule nto yongezwa, italente engenakoyiswa yokwenza abalinganiswa bokwenyani babantu apho umfundi afumanisa ukuba uchonga. Kwakhona, Kuyimfuneko ukuqaqambisa ubugcisa obukhethekileyo kunye nesitayile sombhali, njengesalathiso sezizukulwana kude kube namhla.
Isishwankathelo sale ntlekele
E-Elsinor, eDenmark, inkosi iswelekile. Ngenxa yoko, umntakwabo uClaudio utshata ukumkanikazi, uGertrude, ngelixa inkosana ibonakala iphazamisekile. Yintoni egqithisile, isoyikiso sokuhlasela kweNorway phantsi komyalelo weFortimbrás, kubonakala ngathi ngumqolo omkhulu kwintlekele ehlangeneyo. Umoya wenkosi utyhila kuHamlet ukuba umntakwabo wambulala kwaye ucela impindezelo.
Okulandelayo, umsindo usiphazamisa ngokupheleleyo isigwebo somntu ophambili, othi ngempazamo abulale uPolonio kwaye aphele ejongene ne-duel neLaertes (yelenqe likaClaudio). Kwi-denouement, ukumkanikazi usela ngengozi ityhefu, ngelixa i-Hamlet ne-Laertes bewa kwikrele elinetyhefu.. Nangona isikhulu sigqiba ukuziphindezela ngaphambi kokuba sife.
Ezinye iincwadi zehlabathi
- Ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezohlwayo (Ngo-1866), nguFyodor Dostoevsky
- Iimbandezelo (Ngo-1862), nguVíctor Hugo
- UbuqaqawuliNguJohann Goethe
- INkosi yamasongo (1954), JRR Tolkien
Mholo emvakwemini. Njengomfundi wezakwalizwi kunye nomfundi we-7 weTheology, akukho ngxoxo ibonakala ingeyomfuneko kum, kwaye nokuba incinci kangakanani ukuba yeyenkolo, kodwa ukuba iyinyani, kunzima kakhulu ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi eyona ncwadi ibalaseleyo, nangona kungenakuphikiswa, ukuba eyona ifundwayo iqondwe ngeyona intle, yiBhayibhile kunye nexesha.
Ayikho enye into
Ndithumela ukuwola
INKOSI IKUSIKELELE
Ndiyabulisa atte.
I-Leopoldo Alberto Trcka Sasia
Bonke abakhankanyiweyo bagqwesile kwaye ndingongeza "Amawaka amawaka kunye nobusuku obunye."
Phendula nge quote
Caramba!
Kwanele ukuthi uDon Quixote ubhalwe nguCervantes!
Wayipapasha kuphela, ayikho enye into
Unyanisile kodwa ngokuyinxalenye kuphela, umbono wokuqala ayingowakhe, eyokuqala yayi malunga neArabhu (igama lakhe lalingu quihat, uxolo ukuba andiyibhalanga kakuhle) owayelahlekile entlango kwaye wayenxaniwe (kwaye ingezizo iincwadi ) loo nto yamenza waphulukana nentloko kwaye, njengoAlonso Quijano, wayibhidanisa yonke into ayibonayo nezinto ezimhlaseleyo njalo njalo ... Qaphela ukuba yena (uCervantes) akazange azifihle ukuba umbono ayingowakhe, kwakusemva kwexesha, uyazi, i… Imali, ukuba bafuna ukuyenza yenzeke ngokupheleleyo. Nangona ndingakhange ndikwazi ukuyifunda enye, ndihlala noDon Quixote, kubonakala kum ngaphezulu ... andazi, kwahlukile ... ndiyaxolisa, ndivela eAlcala ngokufanayo nam ' m ayiyonjongo lol. Ukubulisa
Mholweni. Yonke yimisebenzi emikhulu ephawule imimangaliso kwaye iguqule ulwimi kwezinye iimeko ... Isihloko sencwadi ebalaseleyo emhlabeni? Andiyithandi indlela evakala ngayo. Zininzi kakhulu izinto ezilahlekileyo kangangokuba uluhlu alunakuphela. I-Borges, i-Hesse, i-Goette, i-Joyce, kunye namawaka angaphezulu ... Ndiyabulisa kwaye ukuba uThixo akakusikelele ungakhathazeki ukuba akukho nto yenzekayo.
Izinto ze-Euclid, i-Principia mathematica