UFryrich Nietzsche ucaphula
UFriedrich Nietzsche wayesisithandi sobulumko, imbongi, isazi sefilosofi samandulo, umbhali, kunye nonjingalwazi waseyunivesithi owazalelwa kwilizwe langaphambili lasePrussia. Umsebenzi wefilosofi kaNietzsche ube nempembelelo enkulu kwingcinga kunye nokuziphatha koluntu lwangoku. Ngokukwanjalo, unjingalwazi usoloko ecatshulwa kwinkcubeko yaseNtshona, ngenxa yendlela awayethetha ngayo nemixholo efana nenkolo okanye inzululwazi.
Eminye imixholo eqhubekayo kwiincwadi zikaNietzsche yintlekele, imbali, umculo kunye nobugcisa ngokubanzi.. Ezinye zezona zihloko zifundwa kakhulu kulo mbhali Utsho njalo uZarathustra, Ngaphaya kokulungileyo nokubi, El umchasi kristu, isayensi ye-gay o KuMveli Yokuziphatha. UFriedrich, ngokungafaniyo nomnye ngexesha lakhe, wazisa umntu okhoyo ngokubanzi owathi wayihlengahlengisa indlela yokuqiqa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Isishwankathelo seyona misebenzi idumileyo kaFriedrich Nietzsche
Die fröhliche Wissenschaft - isayensi ye-gay (1882)
Le nkcazo yefilosofi kaNietzsche ivala ixesha lakhe elibi-oko kukuthi, libhekisela ekugxekeni kwe-metaphysics yobuKristu-kwaye livula indlela eya kwinqanaba lakhe elihlukile-apho ezama ukwakha imilinganiselo emitsha. Kulo msebenzi, umbhali uchaza indlela ubuKristu obudala ngayo into engekhoyo malunga nehlabathi kunye nobomi obukulo. UFriedrich wathi olu nqulo luyingcamango yabantu ababuthathaka abanemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ethandabuzekayo nengcolileyo.
Ngalo mbhalo, umbhali ushiya etafileni ukufa kwamandla omyalelo wesiphithiphithi kunye nethuba, ukulahlekelwa kwe-axis ephakathi. UNietzsche ukwatyhila ipsychology elawula umzobo womntu. Ngokuchaseneyo noko kuthethwa lunqulo, isayensi ye-gay ivakalisa ukuba ubuKristu bubekek’ ityala ngesibakala sokuba abantu abakhululekanga.
Kwakhona Sprach Zarathustra. Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen - Watsho njalo uZarathustra. Incwadi yomntu wonke kwaye akukho mntu (1883 - 1885)
Le noveli yefilosofi ithathwa njenge i-opus enkulu eNietzsche. Encwadini, umfundisi-ntsapho uvakalisa iingcamango zakhe eziphambili ngeengcinga zikaZarathustra, isithandi sobulumko sasentsomini esiphefumlelwe nguZoroaster., umprofeti wamandulo waseIran umseki weMazdaism. Umsebenzi uqulethwe ngamacandelo ama-4, aphinde ahlulwe abe ziziqendu ezininzi.
Imixholo ephambili yencwadi yile: ukufa kukaThixo, i-Übermensch, ukuthanda amandla kunye nokubuya kobomi obungunaphakade.. Kuze kube yinxalenye yesithathu, izahluko zizimeleyo komnye nomnye, kwaye zinokufundwa ngokwahlukileyo kwaye ngendlela efanelekileyo kakhulu kumbhali. Nangona kunjalo, icandelo lesine libonisa amabali amancinci adibanisayo ukwenza ibali elinye elibanzi.
Jenseits von Gut und Böse. Vorspiel einer Philosophie der Zukunft - Ngaphandle kokulungileyo nokubi. Intshayelelo yefilosofi yexesha elizayo (1886)
Kuqikelelwa ukuba Ngaphaya kokulungileyo nokubi Ngomnye wemibhalo emikhulu yenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Esi sincoko sokuziphatha inokuthi ithathwe njengento yokucoca ingcamango yefilosofi eNietzsche, eshicilelwe kwinoveli Utsho njalo uZarathustra. Umbhalo wahlawulwa ngumbhali ngokwakhe, kwaye awuzange ube nempembelelo enkulu ngexesha lokupapashwa kwayo. Nangona kunjalo, kamva kuya kunika okuninzi ukuthetha ngako.
Ematyaleni, imbongi iphuhlisa izigxeko malunga noko yayikugqala kukungakhathali nokungabi namdla kokuziphatha koogxa bayo. Ngokweendlela zikaFriedrich, kwakukho ukunqongophala okukhulu kwemilinganiselo yabo bazibiza ngokuba abantu abaziphethe kakuhle. Ngendlela efanayo, isithandi sobulumko sichaza ukuba abo bantu babonisa ukungabi namdla ngokwamkela nje imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yamaYuda namaKristu awayizuz’ ilifa kwamanye amaxesha.
Zur Genealogie der Morale: Eine Streitschrift - Umnombo wokuziphatha: Ubhalo olugxekayo (1887)
Enye yeenjongo eziphambili zale ncwadi ngokuziphatha yayikukujongana ngokuthe ngqo nemiba ephakanyiswe kwisincoko. Ngaphaya kokulungileyo nokubi. Ngendlela ephikisanayo kunye ne-titanic, U-Nietzsche uqalisa ukugxeka ukuziphatha kwexesha awayephila kulo. Imbongi yawenza lo msebenzi kwisifundo sayo malunga nemigaqo yokuziphatha ebonakala ilawula eNtshona ukusukela ekufikeni kwe Ifilosofi socratic
UFriedrich uzibuza imibuzo emininzi kwintshayelelo yomsebenzi wakhe. Nantsi eminye yayo: "Umntu wayila phantsi kwaziphi na iimeko ezi zigwebo zexabiso?", "Ngawaphi na amagama, okulungileyo nokubi?" Kuwo wonke umbhalo, umbhali uzama ukuphendula yonke le mibuzo ngengqiqo yakhe, eyayingenabuhlobo kakhulu nengcamango yobuthixo.
Der Umchasi-Kristu, Fluch auf das Christentum - Umchasi-Kristu, isiqalekiso kubuKristu I-1888 - 1895
Nangona yabhalwa ngowe-1888, lo msebenzi wapapashwa ngowe-1895, njengoko umxholo wayo wawubonwa njengempikiswano kakhulu. Kwisicatshulwa, ukuhlalutywa kobuKristu njengengcamango yenzeka. Ukongeza, umbhali uthetha ngeengcinga zanamhlanje ezifana nedemokhrasi okanye ukulingana, imixholo eyayibonakala ngathi isiphumo esithe ngqo sengcamango yobuKristu, eyathi, uNietzsche waqwalasela unobangela wabo bonke ububi.
Umbhali wesi sincoko wangqina ukuba ukuziphatha okubi kuyaqhubeka, abantu bayabandezeleka, umntu uyacinezelwa..., konke kungenxa yentanda-bulumko yobuKristu nempembelelo yayo. Umbhali usebenzisa umpostile oNgcwele uPawulos njengomzekelo, owakhobokisa abantu abaninzi ukuze azuze amandla. Konke ukubhekisa kumasoshiyali, awawabiza ngokuba "ngamaKristu okwenyaniso amatsha."
Umbhali wathi: “Ukuba iziko lomxhuzulane wobomi libekwe hayi ebomini, kodwa "ngaphaya" -kungento-, isusa ubomi ngokubanzi iziko lomxhuzulane".
Malunga nombhali, uFriedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche
UFriedrich Nietzsche
UFriedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche wazalelwa eRöcken, ePrussia, ngowe-1844. Ungumbhali wezincoko waseJamani, imbongi, umqambi, umfundisi-ntsapho, ingcaphephe kwizifundo zamandulo, nombhali, ekwangomnye wezona zithandi zobulumko nabafundi ababalulekileyo ukususela ekuqulunqweni kweencwadi zakhe. . Kwiimeko ezininzi, Waziwa ngokuba nembopheleleko yokugxeka abafundileyo ngeengcinga zobuKristu, ukongezelela kwinkcubeko nakwintanda-bulumko yexesha lakhe.
Isithandi sobulumko saphenjelelwa ngomnye umfundisi-ntsapho omkhulu we-nihilist: u-Arthur Schopenhauer, uNietzsche awayemgqala njengomfundisi-ntsapho wakhe—nangona engazange alandele imigca ka-Arthur nokuqiqa:—.
NguFriedrich odume kwindawo eyaziwayo: "UThixo ufile". Eli binzana libhekisela kukutshatyalaliswa kwamazwe esixeko njengendlela yolawulo kunye nomyalelo ababewuphethe ngokuzimeleyo.
Ezinye iiNcwadi zeNietzsche eziphawulekayo
- Über Wahrheit und Lüge im aussermoralischen Sinne - Kwinyaniso kunye nobuxoki ngendlela engaqhelekanga (1873);
- Menschliches, Allzumenschliches. Ein Buch für freee Geister - Umntu, wonke umntu kakhulu. Incwadi yemimoya yasimahla (1878);
- Morgenröthe. Gedanken über die moraschen Vorurtheile - Iingcamango zokuziphatha okubi (1881);
- Götzen-Dämmerung, oder: Wie man mit dem Hammer philosophirt - Ukutshona kwelanga kwezithixo, okanye indlela yokuthanda intanda-bulumko ngezithonga ngezando (1889);
- Ecce Homo. Wie man wird, wayengumntu - Ecce homo. Indlela yokuba yiloo nto uyiyo (1889).