UFryrich Nietzsche ucaphula
Ezona ncwadi zibalaseleyo zefilosofi zezo zibonisa umbono wezona ngqondi zibalaseleyo kwimbali yoluntu. Ingcinga yabaphengululi abanjengoSeneca okanye uRené Descartes, ukukhankanya ezinye zezona zaziwayo. Kumaxesha akutshanje, imisebenzi kaFriedrich Nietzsche, uSimone de Beauvuoir, uOsho noJostein Gaarder, phakathi kwabanye, ayinakuphepheka.
Kwangokunjalo, imibhalo yefilosofi eyindibaniselwano egqitywe ngaphezulu kweenkulungwane ezininzi inokuthengwa kwiivenkile ezithengisa iincwadi kwihlabathi liphela (UTao ching ching, Ngomnye wabo). Wonke umntu Iincwadi zefilosofi zinenjongo efanayo yokucinga, enzulu, efanele ukuhlalutya ngokuzola nokucamngca. Ke ngoko, kolu hlobo lokufunda ukukhawuleza akunantsingiselo kwaphela. Nalu uluhlu lwemisebenzi elungileyo kule ndawo.
UTao ching ching (Ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC)
Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi UDào Dé Jīng o UTao Te King, Yincwadi endala evela eChina. Uphuhliso lwayo lunokufakwa kwigama lalo; kakuhle Dao kuthetha "indlela", ye ifuzisela "amandla" okanye "isidima" kunye jng ibhekisa kwi "ncwadi yakudala". Ngokwesiko lamaTshayina, yenziwa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC. C yeLaozi -iguqulelwe nguLao Tzu, "utitshala omdala" - Ugcino lweZhou Dynasty.
Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwabaphengululi bayathandabuza ukuba yabhalwa ngubani kunye nobudala bale tekisi. Kwelinye icala, Iingxelo ze UTao ching ching wabeka uninzi lweemfundiso zobuTao. Ngenxa yoko, lo mbhalo ubuchaphazele ngokukodwa ezinye iinkalo okanye izikolo zokomoya kwilizwekazi laseAsia (iNeo-Confucianism kunye noMthetho, umzekelo).
Iingcaciso kunye nokutolika
Oku kubhalwa kugcwele imigaqo yemigqaliselo, esebenzayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zobomi, ukusuka kwizihloko eziqhelekileyo nakwimihla ngemihla kwiingcebiso zeklasi yezopolitiko. Ke ngoko, Eyona nto icetyiswayo ngabafundi kukuthatha imibono ye UDào Dé Jīng ngaphandle kokuzama ukungagungqi okanye injongo ngokupheleleyo.
iikhonsepthi ezisisiseko
- ITao iyayiqonda imbono yemibuzo engenasiphelo, iyaqhubeka, ayinabume buqinisekileyo okanye isandi. Kananjalo ayinakuchazwa ngamagama.
- El UDào Dé Jīng unxulumana ne Yin -Icala lobufazi, elimnyama nelimangazayo lezinto- imeko yemeko yamanzi okanye ukuthamba. Ngokuchasene nokuqina kunye nokuqina kwelitye okanye intaba (yan).
- Umbono "wokubuyela" kwi UDào Dé Jīng iyafana ne "reflection", "Ukujonga emva" okanye "ukurhoxa" kuye. Akukho meko ibhekisa ekubuyeni kwinto eyenzekileyo.
- Akukho nto imele i-nucleus yeTao kunye noBuntu, injongo yayo. Ngokuhambelana, kuyimfuneko ukubeka ecaleni i-ego, ukuqonda kwangaphambili kunye neenkxalabo zehlabathi ukuba umnqweno uyinyani yengqondo.
Ngokufutshane kobomi (55 AD)
Ngokuphucula i-vitae yenye yeetekisi ezenziweyo Iingxoxo, incwadi ye Isithandi sobulumko uSeneca izinikele kuPaulino. Emsebenzini, umbhali ubanga ukuba ubomi - nangona babonakala njalo -abufutshane; ngumntu ovelisa loo mbono ndingazi ukuba ungayisebenzisa njani. Ngesi sizathu, ababhali-mbali balatha kumcingeli waseRoma njengesalathiso esingathandabuzekiyo sababhali beSpanish Golden Age.
iikhonsepthi ezisisiseko
- Ixesha lixabisekileKe ngoko, akufuneki ichithwe kuphanda imiba ekugqibeleni engabalulekanga.
- Umntu ongabunqweneliyo ubomi obudlulayo akufuneki ahlale exakekile.
- Ubomi budlula kathathu: edlulileyo, yangoku kunye nekamva. Ukusuka kubo, Okwangoku kukuqhwanyaza nje — phantse akukho kwaukubakho— ikamva ligcwele ukungaqiniseki kwaye elidlulileyo kuphela kwento engenakuphikwa.
- Umntu osisilumko ngokwenyani- ngokukaSeneca- ngumntu okhumbula ixesha elidlulileyo, Thatha ithuba langoku kwaye wazi indlela yokukhokela ikamva lakho.
- Abo bahlehla elidlulileyo, bayalihoya okwangoku kwaye bajongana nekamva ngamathandabuzo noloyiko.
Ingxoxo yendlela (1637), nguRené Descartes
Esi sincoko sithathwa njengenye yeentsika zefilosofi yaseNtshona kunye nesicatshulwa esinefuthe elikhulu kuphuhliso lwezenzululwazi. Isihloko esipheleleyo salo msebenzi siguqulelwe kwisiFrentshi Ingxoxo malunga nendlela yokuqhuba esakho isizathu kakuhle kunye nokufuna inyaniso kwisayensi.
Ulwakhiwo lwentetho kunye nesishwankathelo
Yahlulahlulwe yangamacandelo amathandathu:
- Eyokuqala yincwadi engobomi bomntu ngokwasengqondweni, apho umbhali eluthandabuza ulwazi lwakhe lwangaphambili, ugxeka inzululwazi kunye nemfundiso yexesha lakhe. Apho uqukumbela ngokuvuma ukuba ekuphela kwendlela eya enyanisweni kukuwe.
- Kwicandelo lesibini, I-Descartes icacisa ngokukhawuleza iziseko zendlela yakhe entsha ngokusebenzisa imigaqo emine:
- Ubungqina njengemfuneko ebalulekileyo yokuxhasa ibango.
- Yahlula-hlula ingxaki kwiindawo ezininzi ezifunekayo kuvavanyo olucokisekileyo kunye nokuphakanyiswa kwezisombululo ezifanelekileyo.
- Ukwahlula izimvo; ngokunyuka ngokulandelelana ngokobunzima bazo.
- Ukuphonononga umsebenzi owenziweyo ukuze "uqiniseke ukuba ungaphoswa nayiphina into."
- Kwinxalenye yesithathu, ukhuthaza umntu ocinga ngoku ukuba ahlakulele isigxina sakhe kwaye uthetha "ngokuziphatha okudlulayo okulawula ubomi bakhe." Ngokubhekisele kule khowudi yokubambisa, khankanya izivakalisi ezine ezingenakuphepheka:
- Thobela imithetho yesizwe, hlonipha izithethe zelizwe, gcina inkolo yakho kwaye umamele olona luvo luluqilima.
- Thatha isigqibo kwaye uzimisele kwizenzo eziza kwenziwa, nakwezo zivelisa amathandabuzo.
- Ekuphela kwento ephantsi kolawulo lomntu ziingcinga zakhe.
- Kwicandelo lesine, i-Descartes iseka umgaqo "wokuthandabuza ngendlela" kwaye wenza isilogeni sakhe esidumileyo esithi "Ndiyacinga, yiyo lonto", evuma ubukho bukaThixo.
- Kwisiqingatha sesihlanu, imizobo yengqondo yaseFransi yombutho wendalo iphela kwaye ubonakalisa umphefumlo kuphela ebantwini (ngaphandle kwezilwanyana).
- Kwicandelo lesithandathu, uDescartes uthi ulwazi lwezenzululwazi kufuneka lusasazwe. Okokugqibela, uveza umnqweno wakhe wokungabi "ngumntu obalulekileyo emhlabeni" ukunqanda ukuphazamiseka kwaye ajolise ngokupheleleyo kwizifundo zakhe.
Utsho njalo uZarathustra (Ngo-1883), nguFriedrich Nietzsche
Ithathwa njengomsebenzi wobugcisa kaFriedrich Nietzsche. Utsho njalo uZarathustra. Incwadi yomntu wonke kwaye akukho mntu (isihloko esipheleleyo) iphonononga iingcinga eziphambili zesithandi sobulumko saseJamani. Ezi ngcinga zibhalwe ngokulandelelana kwamabali kunye nezincoko zengoma ezijolise kumava kunye nokubonakaliswa komprofeti uZarathustra (iZoroaster yamaPersi).
Ngokwenene UNietzsche wasebenzisa umfanekiso oqingqiweyo waseZarathustra - hayi owembali - njengesithethi seemfundiso zakhe. Umbonisa njengomntu okhanyiselweyo onogwebo olungaphezulu kolo lomntu kwaye ngendlela ephikisanayo nemithetho yeCawa yamaKatolika.
Umxholo
Ukufa kukaThixo
Imele loo mzuzu apho umntu afezekisa inqanaba lokukhula kangangokuba angadingi Thixo ukuphawula izikhokelo zobukho bakhe. Ngelo xesha, isimilo sithatyathelwa indawo yinyani kwaye umntu unoxanduva ngokupheleleyo kwindlela yakhe.
Ukuthanda kwamandla okanye Übermensch
Ingxoxo ephambili yomsebenzi, evela kwifilosofi yangaphambi kweSocrate, Ngokucacileyo okubalulekileyo kunye neempawu zendalo. Nangona kunjalo, uNietzsche uhlala ebonisa ukungacaci gca ngokubhekisele kubunzulu bencwadi yakhe "ozelwe ngobutyebi obusondeleyo benyaniso." Kwaye, kwangaxeshanye, iyayiphepha nayiphi na into yokuhanahanisa "yokuphucula ubuntu."
Ukubuya okungunaphakade kobomi
Ekugqibeleni, I-Zarathustra ibongoza amadoda ukuba amkele ubomi ngokuzeleyo, endaweni yokuqikelela ngobomi basemva kobomi. Ngendlela efanayo, uNietzsche uthi ubuthathaka bomntu kukufuna ukuchuma nokuzaliseka ngokomoya emva kokufa.
Ezinye zeencwadi ezibalulekileyo zefilosofi zenkulungwane yama-XNUMX
Isini sesibini (Ngo-1949), nguSimone de Beauvoir
Isincoko esimbaxa esivelileyo esivelileyo njengesiphumo sophando lombhali waseFrance malunga nembono malunga nendalo kunye nendima yabafazi kuluntu. Ngenxa yobungqina bayo benguquko-ngaphandle kokuba yimpumelelo yokupapasha- Le ncwadi yabeka iziseko zentshukumo yokulingana kwabasetyhini.
Kwangokunjalo, ithathwa njengombhalo we-encyclopedic ngenxa yokugxilwa kwesazisi sabasetyhini kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zethiyori nezenzululwazi. Phakathi kwamacandelo ekujongenwe nawo zezi: isosiology, i-anthropology, isayikholoji, ibhayoloji kunye nokuzala komzimba (kunye neempembelelo zayo kubudlelwane obuchaphazelekayo ngokwesondo).
Akukho mveliso ifunyenweyo
Ihlabathi likaSofia (1991), nguJostein Gaarder
Nangona esi sihloko sihlelwa njengenoveli, Umbhali waseNorway wasebenzisa eli thuba ukwenza uphononongo lwembali lwefilosofi yaseNtshona. Iziphumo ziyeyona ncwadi ithengwa kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela, iguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezingaphaya kwamashumi amathandathu kwaye yamiliselwa umboniso bhanyabhanya (1999) phantsi kolawulo lukaErik Gustavson.
Imisinga yefilosofi icacisiwe (kuSophie, ophambili)
- I-Renacimiento
- Ukuthandana
- Ubukho
- Izimvo zikaMarx
- Ukongeza, ithiyori ye-Big Bang ichaziwe kwaye kuvela abanye oonobumba abasusela kwiincwadi zakudala (Little Red Riding Hood, Ebenezer Scrooge and a lady of the Abazalwana iGrimm Fairy Tales).
Ukwazisa (2001), ngu-Osho *
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe, u-Osho akanguye umbhali ngengqondo engqongqo yekota. Iincwadi zakhe zadityaniswa zivela kwimibhalo yeentetho ezingekho semxholweni kunye nezifundo ezinikezwe ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu anesihlanu. Kuzo, Ukuboniswa kwakhe kwimicimbi esusela ekuzikhangeleni kwakhe kuzisiwe, kwiingxoxo kwezopolitiko nakuluntu.
En Ukwazisa, Ifilosofi yamaHindu ikhuthaza abantu ukuba bahlale beqaphele "apha nangoku." Ngale ndlela, umntu uya kuba nakho ukuqonda ukungangqinelani kweemvakalelo ezinjengomsindo, ingqumbo, umona kunye neemvakalelo zobuntu. Ukongeza, ikhankanya ukwamkelwa kunye nomanyano lweepolarities (uvuyo kunye nokulila, umzekelo) njengendlela eya kwibhalansi epheleleyo.
Inqaku elihle, kodwa kunzima ukufunda kwezinye iindawo kuba i-typography icacile.