Ifilosofi ifuna ukunika iimpendulo kwiingxaki zoluntu. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ezininzi iinkcuba-buchopho ziye zazama ukunika intsingiselo yomntu ngamnye neyentlalo kuzo zonke iinkalo zoluntu. Ifilosofi iphakamisa imiba yobomi echaphazela eyona mihla nelula. Okukhona sicinga ukuba ifilosofi ayinamsebenzi okanye iyanyeliswa luluntu lwanamhlanje, kokukhona kufuneka sibhenele kwiiklasikhi kunye nemisinga emitsha esiza kusinceda.
Intanda-bulumko ayiphumi efashonini okanye ayizombono nje zeqaqobana leegeza ezidakumbileyo nezidandathekileyo, ngokuchaseneyo noko, ingcinga iye yalawula ubukho bethu bonke; Ukukwazi ukucinga kunye nokwenza ikhompyuter kwihlabathi lethu yinto esenza ukuba, ngokuchanekileyo, sibe ngabantu. Ngoko, Ukubalekela ukungazi kunye nobundlobongela, sicebisa ukufunda eminye yemisebenzi eye yanceda umntu kakhulu kulo mba..
La República
La República yincoko yababini apho amazwi ahlukeneyo avela khona nalapho incoko inombhodamo kwizihloko nemiba eyahlukeneyo. Yincwadi eqolileyo kaPlato, esinye sezithandi zobulumko zokuqala, nenye yezona zibalaseleyo kwihlabathi laseNtshona. Kuyo ugxininisa imfuneko yokwenyani kunye chonga ifilosofi nesiseko, imathiriyeli, ukubeka uqeqesho njengenzululwazi, kwaye usuka kude nembonakalo. Ngokukwanjalo, uthetha ngolonwabo nendlela oludityaniswa ngayo nokuziphatha nokuzeyisa.
IiNqobo zokuziphatha zeNicomachean
UAristotle ngomnye wezona ngcinga zidumileyo zaseNtshona kwimbali. Ungumbhali we IiNqobo zokuziphatha zeNicomachean, enye yezona ncwadi zigqalwa zaza zafundwa kakhulu ngemigaqo yokuziphatha. Kuye iqala kwisiseko sokulunga ukufezekisa ubomi obonwabileyo; kwaye kuphakathi kwendawo apho isidima sifunyanwa khona. Yiyo loo nto emisela ubomi obungcathu ngaphandle kokugqithisela. Lo msebenzi yiseti yeengcebiso ezibhekiswe kunyana wakhe, uNicomaco, nangona uluntu londliwe yiyo njengoko lubhekiselele ekuziphatheni komntu.
UTao ching ching
Lo msebenzi kaLao-Tzu umele ingcinga yaseAsia. Liyinxalenye esisiseko yeTaoism, imfundiso yonqulo neyentanda-bulumko eyasekwa nguLao-Tzu ngokwakhe ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo. C. Isihloko somsebenzi siqulathe amagama athi "indlela", "isidima" kunye "nencwadi", nangona isaziwa ngolu lungelelwaniso lokubizwa kwayo ngesiTshayina: UTao ching ching. Yincwadi exatyiswe kakhulu kwinkcubeko yaseNtshona, kuba iyincwadi ethi inokuqondwa ngaphaya kweenkcubeko kunye nexesha malunga nobugcisa bokuphila, ukufunda ukuphila, ukwazi indlela yokuphila. Iqulethe iimfundiso ezilula ezinokufundwa ngokungathi sisihobe.
Kubufutshane bobomi
Ngethuba le ngxoxo yezahluko ezingamashumi amabini, uSeneca uthetha nomhlobo wakhe uPaulino malunga, Eso, ubufutshane bobomi. ukuba ubomi bufutshane kwaye I-Seneca isimema ukuba sime ngokwethu ngoku, nto leyo esinayo ngokwenene, kwaye isibongoza ukuba siphile ubomi ngokuhambelana nayo; Kungale ndlela kuphela umntu aya kuba nako ukuphila ngokupheleleyo. Kufuneka uyeke ukukhangela phambili kwikamva okanye uyoyike. Ukuba umntu ulahlekile kwikamva lakhe, ikamva lakhe liya kulahleka; nangona kunjalo, ikwakhusela ingcamango yekamva, kuba umntu kufuneka abe nombono kunye nekhosi. Ngokunjalo, ixesha elidlulileyo nalo kufuneka lilawulwe ukuze lingabanjwa kukukhumbula.
Intetho yendlela
Lo msebenzi kaRené Descartes ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX yiprolegomenon yefilosofi yanamhlanje kunye nengqiqo ("Ndicinga, ngoko ndinjalo"). Isekelwe kukhangelo lweenyaniso zehlabathi jikelele ezinceda ukuseka isizathu phezu kwayo nayiphi na intelekelelo okanye intelekelelo.. Ngokunjalo, iqinisekisa ukuthandabuza kuba ikukubonakaliswa kwengcinga; kwaye umntu uyakwazi ukufumana iziqinisekiso ngokucamngca. Isiphelo sefilosofi kaDescartes seso sizathu, njengesiphumo sokucinga, kukubonakaliswa kobukho bomntu.
Isivumelwano sentlalontle
Lo msebenzi uboniswa nguJean-Jacques Rousseau ngumsebenzi kwifilosofi yezopolitiko ethetha ngokulingana kwamadoda. Kwimeko-bume yentlalo elinganayo, bonke abantu banamalungelo afanayo, wona alawulwa ngesivumelwano sentlalontle. Isivumelwano sentlalontle I-Rousseau lukhuselo lwenkululeko yoluntu, idemokhrasi kunye nolawulo olunobulungisa. Le ngcamango yaba yimpembelelo yeMvukelo yaseFransi.
Ukugxekwa kwesizathu esinyulu
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo lo ngomnye weyona misebenzi ibalulekileyo nenempembelelo yefilosofi yeXesha langoku. Yabhalwa ngu-Immanuel Kant kwaye yapapashwa ngo-1781. Ucacisa ukugxeka okuqinileyo kwemetafiziksi yemveli kwaye uvula indlela yokuqonda okutsha kunye nesizathu. oko kunokuchazwa zezinye iingcingane. Lo msebenzi uyingqayizivele kwaye uyimfuneko kuba uphelisa ukucinga kwakudala kwaye uzala indlela entsha yokuqonda ihlabathi; Ingundoqo njengomsebenzi onemifanekiso kunye nowangoku. Uthetha, umzekelo, ngezigwebo eziphambili (uthatha imathematika njengomzekelo), kunye nezigwebo zangasemva, ezivezwa ngamava.
Imibhalo-ngqangi yezoqoqosho nefilosofi
Ibhalwe ngowe-1844, le mibhalo isusela kulutsha lukaKarl Marx ibumba ukusa kumlinganiselo omkhulu imigca yengcamango yezoqoqosho neyentanda-bulumko yobuMarxist. Nangona kunjalo, zapapashwa kumashumi eminyaka emva kokufa kombhali wazo kwaye ngokunxulumene nomsebenzi wakhe wonke zisuswe kancinci kuMarx oqolileyo. Nangona kunjalo, le mibhalo-ngqangi ibalaselisa ukwahlukaniswa komntu kwinkqubo yobukapitali esakho nesalawulayo eNtshona namhlanje..
Utsho njalo uZarathustra
Ibhalwe nguFriedrich Nietzsche ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX Utsho njalo uZarathustra Yincwadi yefilosofi kunye neyoncwadi. Phakathi kweengcamango zakhe nguSuperman ( Übermensch ), ukufa kukaThixo, ukuthanda igunya okanye ukubuya kobomi obungunaphakade.. Kulo msebenzi wengcinga ebalulekileyo, kucetywa isimo esihle sobomi, kodwa kwanokwamkelwa kweenkxwaleko zabo, ubuthathaka bobuntu, okanye ukugxekwa ngokuphandle kukaSocrates.
