Isizukulwana '98 seempawu

Kwenzeka njani oko kubizwa ngokuba sisiZukulwana sika-98? Ukuze sifumane impendulo kufuneka sibuyele emva ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Ngelo xesha, iSpain yayisisizwe esikwingxaki enzulu yesazisi sesizwe, imvelaphi yayo inokulandelwa emva kohlaselo lweNapoleon. Ukongeza, emva kwemfazwe yaseSpain-yaseMelika, ilizwe lase-Iberia laphulukana namakoloni alo okugqibela: iCuba, iiPhilippines, iGuam kunye nePuerto Rico.

Ejongene nale nyaniso ephawulwe kukuwohloka kwezopolitiko, ukuziphatha, intlalo kunye nezoqoqosho, iqela elikhethekileyo lamadoda lavela. Babeziingcinga nababhali abazalwa phakathi kweminyaka yee-1860 kunye nee-1870s kwaye, ke ngoko, babekwiminyaka yokuthatha indawo ephambili ngo-1898.. Ngaloo ndlela, u-Unamuno okanye uAzorín nabanye baphakamisa indlela "yokuba yiSpanishi" kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobomi benkcubeko.

Inkcazo

Ngokomgaqo, kuyafuneka ukucacisa ukuba bekuyingxaki kangakanani na ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi “isizukulwana”-phantsi kwembono engqongqo yoncwadi-xa kusenziwa amaqela abalinganiswa baso. Ngaphandle kwale nto, Ababhali bembali babonisa imvumelwano ethile malunga ne-Unamuno, iValle-Inclán kunye nePio Baroja njengabona balinganiswa banemifuziselo. yesethi.

Ukongeza,zeziphi izinto ezifanayo ababenazo eli qela lamadoda oonobumba kunye nenkcubeko yaseSpain? Ngaphandle kokuba sisihloko esinenjongo kakhulu, izifundiswa zihlala zibhekisa kwimiba efana nale ubuhlobo phakathi abaninzi babo. Ngokunjalo, ayinakuphikiswa ukudityaniswa kwamalungu eqela ngokubhekiselele kwimvakalelo yobuzwe -kwaye ndingenathemba, ngamanye amaxesha-kwisimilo saseSpain.

Indawo yokudibana kwala madoda

Ukulahleka kwamakholoni aseSpain kubangele ukucaphuka kunye nokukhathazeka phakathi kwababhali be-XNUMXs. Kuyabonakala ukuba, isibakala sokuphulukana naloo mimandla yaphesheya kolwandle kwisizwe esasisandul’ ukusekwa saseMelika sasithetha ihlazo ekwakunzima kakhulu ukulifanisa. Ngaxeshanye, imisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo yaba babhali yangqina intiyo yabo ngakubantu baseSpeyin abagcina izithethe nabefundisi ngaloo maxesha.

Ezinye iimvakalelo ezabonakaliswa ngamalungu esi sizukulwana yayikukuphelelwa lithemba nokungabi nangqiqo—mhlawumbi—ngenxa yempembelelo yeenkcuba-buchopho ezinjengoNietzsche noSchopenhauer. Esi sikhundla sentanda-bulumko nesokuziphatha sasithatha isigqibo kwindlela yakhe yobunyani kunye nokushenxiswa kwesindululo soBunyani. (xolela ukungafuneki).

Iimpawu zesizukulwana se-98

Umxholo kunye nomxholo kude neRealism imele uhlobo lohlaziyo olusondeleyo kwiModernism, nangona kukho izinto ezizodwa. Nangona iipeni zesizukulwana sama-98 zingakhange zivelise uncwadi olufanayo, kunokwenzeka ukuba uthethe nge-aesthetic yamashumi alithoba e-ochist.. Iyohluka kwezinye iintshukumo ngokusebenzisa iimpawu ezichazwe ngezantsi:

• Iselula edibanisa amalungu okuqala, ebizwa ngokuba yiQela leZithathu, yenziwe yiAzorín, iBaroja kunye neMaeztu, kunye nemanifesto. Eso sizathu sasigxininise ekuvuselelweni kwakhona kweSpeyin kunye nokukhangela indlela yokuvuselela isizwe.
• Abanye bathelela esi sithathu samadoda, bebhalisela inkxalabo yeqela elincinane. Amalungu amatsha akhethe owona mba ubalulekileyo: lowo wesazisi sokwenyani saseSpain, ngokuchasene neeklasi ezinamandla kunye nezityetyisiweyo ezishiye iSpeyin yokwenene ecaleni.
• IsiZukulwana sika-'98 ke ngoko senziwa liqela lamadoda aqokelelene ajikeleze igama njengendlela enkulu yokuvuselela isizwe. Yiloo ndlela ke uncwadi lweqela ludibanise iingcamango ezohlukeneyo, ubuhle kunye neentlobo zoncwadi.
• Omnye umqondiso owahlukileyo wesi sizukulwana yayingu Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene nolu hlobo loncwadi lusekiweyo.

Abona babalaseleyo besizukulwana sika-'98

UJose Martinez Ruiz "Azorin" (1863 - 1967)

Umbhali wenoveli, imbongi, umbhali, umbhali wezincoko kunye nomgxeki woncwadi ogama lakhe lingu "Azorín" wayengowokuqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi "isizukulwana sama-98". Umbhali we<em>monovero—eqhutywa kukuthand’ izwe ngamandla kwakhe—naye wayekhuthele gqitha kwezobupolitika. Ngoko ke, akumangalisi oko Inxalenye enkulu yendalo yakhe izinikele ekuphononongeni umxholo wenkcubeko yaseSpain.

Imisebenzi ephawulekayo

• umphefumlo waseCastilian (1900)
• Umyolelo (1902)
• Antonio Azorin (1903)
• Izivumo zesithandi sobulumko esincinci (1904)
• Iyure yaseSpain 1560 - 1590 (1924).

UMiguel de Unamuno (1864-1936)

Umphathiswa weDyunivesithi yaseSalamanca wayengumlimi weentlobo ezahlukeneyo zoncwadi kunye nosiba olwamkelwayo ukusuka kwigenesis yayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Inyaniso, ifilosofi yaseBasque kunye nendoda yeeleta iphonononge nzulu into ebizwa ngokuba yi "nivola". Oku kunokuchazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: intsomi ebalisayo kude nesimbo sokwenene, esinabalinganiswa abacaba kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezileyo.

Ezi mpawu zoncwadi zikhankanywe ngasentla ziyabonakala kwi Uthando kunye nokufundisa (1902) Inkungu (1914) abel sanchez (1917) kunye Umakazi uTula (1921). Eminye imisebenzi eyaziwayo yombhali weBilbao iye yaba Ubomi bukaDon Quixote noSancho (isincoko – 1905), UKrestu waseVelasquez (imibongo - 1920) kunye INgcwele uManuel Bueno, umfeli-nkolo (inoveli – 1930).

URamon del Valle-Inclán (1866 - 1936)

URamón María del Valle-Inclán Wayengumbhali wemidlalo yeqonga, imbongi, unoveli, intatheli, umbhali webali elifutshane kunye nombhali wesincoko, kufutshane neModernism kunye nomntu ophambili kuncwadi lweSpanish. Umbhali wazalelwa eVillanueva de Arosa wazibalula ngokusebenzisa kwakhe ulwimi olunovakalelo oludityaniswe nentlelo yentlalo yobuhlanga. Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe wobugcisa wabonisa isimbo esiphenjelelwa sisimboli saseFrentshi.

Kamva, Ingqondo yaseGalicia yavelisa iinoveli kunye nemidlalo yakhe ngendlela awayibiza ngokuba yi "esperpento" (“abantu okanye izinto ezoyikekayo okanye ezicaphukisayo). Phakathi kweyona ntsini yakhe yaziwayo ibalasele Izibane zeBohemian (1920) kunye Iimpondo zikaDon Frijolera (1920). Ngokufanayo, iinoveli zakhe intendelezo yemimangaliso (1927) kunye phila mhlekazi wam (1928) baye banconywa kakhulu.

UPio Baroja (1872-1956)

UPío Baroja y Nessi wayengumbhali wenoveli omkhulu kunye nomdlali weqonga owayengenathemba kwaye ekhusela umntu ngamnye. Iingcamango zakhe zezopolitiko zazingaqondakali (watshintsha ingqondo yakhe amaxesha amaninzi ebomini bakhe) Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ingxabano. Ngokukwanjalo, ukucingela kwakhe kwangaphambili inoveli evulekileyo kwamenza wafumana inzondo yee-purists.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yombhali ovela eSan Sebastian yile:

• Ukhula olubi (1904)
• Umthi wesayensi (1911)
• Ubusuku bomhlalaphantsi olungileyo (1934)
• imvumi ebhadulayo (1950).

URamiro de Maeztu (1874-1936)

URamiro de Maeztu kunye noWhitney Wayengumbhali osuka eVitoria owagqama njengombhali wezincoko, unoveli, imbongi kunye nomgxeki woncwadi. Kwakhona, umbhali wase-Iberia wayengumbhali wezopolitiko owaziwayo ngexesha lakhe kunye nomgqugquzeli ozimiseleyo wengcamango ye "Hispanidad". Ngako oko, eyona nxalenye ifundwe kakhulu yomsebenzi wakhe igxile kule ngcamango, ecacileyo kwezi zihloko zilandelayo:

• Kwenye iSpain (1899)
• UDon Quixote, uDon Juan kunye noLa Celestina (1926)
• Ukukhuselwa kweSpanishi (1934)

Amanye amalungu abalulekileyo kwisizukulwana sika-'98

• U-Isaac Albéniz (1860 - 1909); umqambi kunye nomdlali wepiyano
• Angel Gavinet (1865 - 1898); umbhali kunye nonozakuzaku
• URamón Menéndez Pidal (1869 - 1968); philologist, folklorist kunye nombhali-mbali
• Ricardo Baroja (1871 - 1953); umzobi nombhali.