URamón del Valle-Inclán, i-biography kunye nemisebenzi

URamón José Simón Valle y Peña wayengumdlali odlalayo waseSpain, imbongi kunye nombhali wenoveli. Uthathwa njengomnye wabalinganiswa be-neuralgic yoncwadi lwesi-Spanish lwenkulungwane yama-98, wayeyinxalenye yelixesha langoku elibizwa ngokuba yi-Modernism kwaye ungomnye wababhali abamele i-Generation ka-XNUMX. Ngamaxesha awahlukeneyo obomi bakhe wasebenza njengentatheli, emfutshane Umbhali webali kunye nombhali wezincoko.

Ngapha koko, uqeqesho lwaseyunivesithi lwalusemthethweni - ikhondo angazange azive ekhululekile kulo.. Ngenxa yoko, wayeka esikolweni emva nje kokusweleka kukatata wakhe kwii-1890s zokuqala.Iyakuba sisiqalo sobukho be-bohemian, egxile kuncwadi kwaye egcwele iihambo ezibandakanya ii-anecdotes ezininzi njengokundwendwela umphambili wase-France ngexesha le-Great Imfazwe.kodwa ukulahleka kwengalo ekulweni.

I-Biography

I-biography kaValle-Inclán kufanelekile ukuba yenze imuvi.

Ukuzalwa, ubuntwana kunye nokufikisa

Igama lakhe elipheleleyo, nguRamón José Simón Valle y Peña, uvela kuphela kwisatifikethi sobhaptizo. Wazalelwa kusapho oluhloniphekileyo ngo-Okthobha u-28, 1866, eVillanueva de Arosa (kwiPhondo lasePontevedra). Wayengumntwana wesibini kumtshato wesibini kaRamón del Valle Bermúdez kunye noDolores de la Peña y Montenegro, zombini iindlalifa zeepropathi ezahlukeneyo ezazisiba ncinane ngenxa yenkunkuma katata.

URamón omncinci wabelwa ukufundiswa nguCarlos Pérez Noal, umfundisi wasePuebla del Deán. Ngo-1877 wangena kwiziko laseSantiago de Compostela njengomfundi okhululekileyo.Apho, wafunda kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo de kwaba yiminyaka eyi-19 ngaphandle kokubonisa umdla omkhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ngelo xesha impembelelo kaJesús Muruáis yayiyeyona ibaluleke kakhulu kuqeqesho lwakhe lwasemva kwexesha loncwadi.

Ulutsha, iimpembelelo kunye nezifundo

NgoSeptemba 1885-ekubekweni kukayise-waqala izifundo zakhe zomthetho kwiYunivesithi yaseSantiago kunye nomntakwabo uCarlos.. ECompostela ukungakhathaleli kwakhe izifundo kwakucacile, kungenjalo kweminye imikhwa engenzi nto efana nemidlalo yamathuba kunye neembutho zasekuhlaleni apho wahlakulela ubuhlobo kunye nezazi ezithembisayo zamaGalikhi, phakathi kwabo uVázquez de Mella, u-Enrique Labarta, uGonzález Besada noCamilo Bargiela.

Ukuthanda ulwimi lwase-Itali kunye nokubiya

Wafunda nokubiya kunye ne-Italiya ngenxa yobudlelwane bakhe obusondeleyo no-Florentine Attilio Pontarani. Ngo-1877 wakhululwa kwinkonzo yasemkhosini. Kunyaka kamva wabhalisa kwiSikolo soBugcisa nezoBugcisa kwikhosi yokuzoba nokuzoba umzobo, esiba ngomnye wabafundi abadumileyo.

Imibhalo yokuqala

Ngelo xesha wapapasha imibhalo yakhe yokuqala kule magazini Ikofu ngamathontsi YeSantiago de Compostela Kwaye ndaqala ukubandakanyeka ngakumbi kubuntatheli kulo mmandla. Utyelelo lukaJosé Zorrilla ozinikeleyo kwiYunivesithi yaseSantiago lushiya uRamón omncinci "isinambuzane" sobizo loncwadi ngoku kunakuqala… ibingumbandela nje wexesha. Ngo-1890 utata wakhe wasweleka kwaye wayekhululekile kwizibophelelo zosapho.

Buyela ePontevedra kwaye udlulisele eMadrid

Emva kweminyaka emihlanu yokufunda engagqitywanga, wabuyela ePontevedra ngaphambi kokuhlala iminyaka emibini eMadrid (kutyelelo olufutshane e-Itali). Kwikomkhulu laseSpain waziwa phakathi kwindibano yeekhefi ezininzi zasePuerta del Sol ngenxa yobuntu bakhe obunamandla nobukrelekrele.

Ngelo xesha, akazozakhela igama eliqinileyo njengombhali. Ngomzamo omkhulu wakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba kubambiswano lobuntatheli ukuya ngasekupheleni kuka-1891 kumaphephandaba anje Ibhaluni y Ukhanyiselo lweIberia, apho atyikitye okokuqala phantsi kwegama "uRamón del Valle-Inclán". Ifani yakhe yobugcisa yamkelwa kuFrancisco del Valle-Inclán, omnye wooyise.

Uhambo oluya eMexico

Kodwa ingeniso efunyenweyo ibingonelanga ukuqinisekisa uzinzo kwezoqoqosho oluhlala luhleli. Ngesi sizathu, uValle-Inclán uthatha isigqibo sokuya eMexico eyokukhangela amathuba amatsha. Wafika eVeracruz ngo-Epreli 8, 1892; Kwiveki kamva wazinza eMexico City kwaye waqala ukusebenza njengomguquleli wesiTaliyane nesiFrentshi kumaphephandaba anje Iposi yeSpanish, El Universal y IVeracruz ezimeleyo.

Kwakuyixesha leentshukumo kunye nokukhula okubalulekileyo phakathi kwengcinezelo kunye nokunyanzeliswa okwenziwe nguMongameli Porfirio Díaz. Ukusuka kubuhlobo bakhe noSóstenes Rocha wafumana umbono opheleleyo wezopolitiko zase-Mexico kwaye waphefumlelwa ngamabali amaninzi abhengezwa kamva Ibhinqa. UValle-Inclán wavala ukuhlala kwakhe okokuqala kwilizwe lama-Aztec ekupheleni kuka-1892, xa wayesiya eCuba ngolwandle.

Ukupapashwa kokuqala

Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1893, i-histrionic, iindevu kunye neenwele uValle-Inclán wabuyela ePontevedra. Apho, wazakhela ubuhlobo obusondeleyo noJesús Muruáis noRené Ghil. Ngo-1894 wapapasha incwadi yakhe yokuqala, Ibhinqa (Amabali amathandathu othando). Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uRamón oselula uwuthathile ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi wakhe njengombhali. Ukususela ngoko bonke ubomi bakhe bujikeleza kuncwadi kunye nobugcisa.

Buyela eMadrid nakwezinye iimpapasho

Ngo-1895 wabuyela eMadrid; Wayesebenza njengegosa likarhulumente kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa Wezemfundo noLuntu. Waduma kwiivenkile ezininzi zaseMadrid zelo xesha ngenxa yesimbo sakhe, amandla akhe okulawula iincoko, ukutshabalalisa udumo kunye nokuziphatha okuqhubayo, okwamkhokelela kwingxoxo eshushu nabantu abanjengoPío Baroja okanye uMiguel de Unamuno.

Ngo-1897 kwakhululwa incwadi yakhe yesibini, Epitalamio (Amabali othando), ukusilela kokuhlela okupheleleyo. Isigwebo besisikhulu kangangokuba uValle-Inclán uphonononge nzulu ukhetho lokutshintsha kwemisebenzi kwaye abe yitoliki. Ngo-1898 no-1899 wadlala iindima zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo kwimidlalo yeqonga Ukuhlekisa kwamarhamncwa nguJacinto Benavente kwaye ungene Ookumkani basekuthinjweni ngu-Alejandro Sawa, ngokwahlukeneyo.

Ukudibana noRubén Darío kunye nobunzima bakhe ekupheleni kwenkulungwane

Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1899 ubunzima bezoqoqosho babucacile, wada walamba. Nangona kunjalo, iValle-Inclán yayisengumbambano kwezinye izimvo (ngokomzekelo ukuzimela kweCuba, umzekelo). Ukuze aphile, kwakufuneka axhomekeke kubahlobo bakhe abasondeleyo, uRubén Darío wayengomnye wezona zinto zingenamthetho.

Ehlotyeni ngaloo nyaka kwabakho isiganeko esibalulekileyo eCafé de la Montaña, apho Wonzakala entloko nasengalweni emva kwengxabano nombhali uManuel Bueno. URamón akakukhathalelanga ukwenzakala, ngenxa yoko, waba sisilonda esibuhlungu kunye nokunqunyulwa kwelungu lakhe lasekhohlo.

Kanye ethubeni Iinguqulelo ezenziweyo kunye nohlengahlengiso kuRhulumente waseSpain (Ubuso bukathixo ukusuka kwiiArniches, umzekelo) ukufumana imali. Ngo-1901 wazidubula ngempazamo enyaweni ngexesha lokuya eLa Mancha. Ukuphumelela, waphefumlelwa ukuba adale Ekwindla Sonata, eyapapashwa ngo-1902 njengokuvulwa kwe Imemori yeMarquis yaseBradomín, ngeveki Imivulo engenamkhethe.

Ukuqola kunye nomtshato

Ukusukela ngoko wamkela iqhinga lokuhlela elisekwe kwinkqubela phambili kwimithombo yeendaba kude kube sekupheleni kweentsuku zakhe ngaphambi kokuba aqalise iincwadi zakhe.. Kwiminyaka elandelayo wapapasha Ihlobo sonata (1903) Intwasahlobo sonata (1904) kunye Ubusika sonata (Ngo-1905), owokugqibela wazinikezela kwinkosikazi yakhe yexesha elizayo, umdlali weqonga uJoseph María Ángela Blanco Tejerina. Ngelo xesha wayesele ebonwa njengommeli obalaseleyo weSpanish Modernism.

IMarquis yaseBradomín Ekugqibeleni yaboniswa kwiPrincess Theatre (1906), kuvusa ukunconywa okukhulu phakathi koluntu kunye noonondaba. Ngomnyaka we-1907 wabonisa umdlalo wakhe wokuqala we-barbaric e-Barcelona, IBlazon Eagles. Ukhuphe iincwadi ezininzi: Amakha elivo, Iindinyana zokudumisa umntu oyingcwele, IMarquis yaseBradomín -Iintetho zothando y Ukuthandana kweengcuka.

Utshatile uJoseph Blanco ngo-Agasti 1907, kunye naye wayenabantwana abathandathu: UMaría de la Concepción (1907), uJoaquín María (1919 - wasweleka kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokuzalwa), uCarlos Luis Baltasar (1917), María de la Encarnación Beatriz Baltasara (1919), Jaime Baltasar Clemente (1922) noAna María Antonia Baltasara (Ngo-1924). Nangona esi sibini sizamile ukuhlala eGalicia, bachitha iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu eMadrid.

URamón kunye nenkosikazi yakhe baqala ukhenketho lweenyanga ezintandathu zaseSpain naseMelika ngo-1910 kunye nenkampani yeqonga kaFrancisco Ortega García. ngeArgentina, eChile, eBolivia, eParaguay naseUruguay. Ngokunjalo, uValle-Inclán uqhubeke nokusungula imidlalo eSpain, enje nge Amazwi omzimba (1911) Umatshi waseRosalinda. Intsingiselo yentliziyo kunye neyoyikekayo (1913) kunye Isibane esimangalisayo. Ukuzilolonga ngokomoya (Ngo-1915, umqulu wokuqala we IOpera Opnia).

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I

Ukusweleka eNicaragua ngo-1916 womhlobo wakhe omkhulu uRubén Darío kwamchaphazela kakhulu uValle-Inclán. Kwakuloo nyaka, iMfazwe Enkulu yaba nelinye lawona manqaku aphezulu. Nangona izimvo eMadrid zahlulwe, UValle-Inclán usicacisile isikhundla sakhe kwi < >. Ngalo mbhalo urhulumente wase-France wammema ukuba atyelele imfazwe yase-Alsace, Flanders, Vosges naseVerdun.

Ngokufanayo, Phakathi kuka-Epreli 27 noJuni 28, 1916 URamón Valle-Inclán wayesebenza njengonobhala wemfazwe Ukungakhethi buso, apho wapapasha uthotho lwemibhalo Umbono weenkwenkwezi zobusuku bobusuku (Okthobha-Disemba 2016) kunye Emini (NgoJanuwari ukuya kuFebruwari 1917). Ukongeza, wayephethe isikhundla sokuba ngunjingalwazi wezoBugcisa boBugcisa kwiSikolo esiKhethekileyo sePeyinti kunye nokukrolwa kweMadrid ukusukela ngonyaka we-1916.

"Okubi", iingxaki zempilo kunye nohambo lwesibini eMexico

Ngo-1919 wakhupha incwadi yakhe yesibini yemibongo, Umbhobho ka-Kif y Ilali tragicomedy (Iphepha leendaba Ilanga). Ngexesha lika-1920 uRamon wazisa ngombhalo wakhe wesithathu wombongo, Umkhweli, Amazwi kaThixo y Izibane zeBohemian, eyokuqala "eyoyikisayo" yapapashwa phakathi kukaJulayi no-Okthobha (uthotho lweencwadana ezilishumi elinesithathu) kwiphephancwadi España. Eyesibini eyoyikisayo, Iimpondo zikaDon Frijolera, yavela kwi Usiba phakathi kuka-Epreli no-Agasti 1921.

Ngokuka Javier Serrano ovela kwiDyunivesithi yaseSantiago, “Into eyoyikisayo ibonisa elona xesha libalulekileyo ekudalweni kweValle-Inclán, kwaye imele elona nyathelo linzima neliphumelelayo kuncwadi lwaseSpain kwincwadi yaseYurophu yokuhlaziya uncwadi ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Into emangazayo iqulunqwe njengenkqubo entsonkothileyo yokutolika izinto eziyinyani, ethi iqulunqwe ngokusemthethweni, ukuze kuqhaqwe umfanekiso wobuxoki anayo umntu ngobukho bakhe… ”.

UValle-Inclán ngokwakhe uchaze ezona zinto azikhuthazayo ekudaleni into eyothusayo "kukukhangela icala elihlekisayo kwintlekele yobomi". Mhlawumbi impilo yakhe ethe-ethe kwimpilo waba nempembelelo enkulu kundoqo indalo zoncwadi, njengoko kwakufuneka ungenelelo ngotyando ukuze akhuphe ithumba esinyini (iya kuba yimeko eya kuhamba naye de afe).

Ekuqaleni kwehlobo lowe-1921 uRamón Valle-Inclán waya eMexico, emenywe nguMongameli u-vlvaro Obregón, ngenxa yokubhiyozela ikhulu leminyaka yenkululeko. Emva kwe-ajenda egcwele imisebenzi yenkcubeko, wahlala iiveki ezimbini eHavana kunye nezinye ezimbini eNew York, ngaphambi kokuba abuyele kumazwe aseGalician ngoDisemba 1922.

Uqhawulo mtshato, ukungabinamali kunye nemisebenzi yokugqibela

Ukuqala ngo-1923, uValle-Inclán wafumana amanqaku aliqela kwimithombo yeendaba eyahlukeneyo eSpain naseLatin America. Ngelo xesha waqala ukubhala ezimbini zobugcisa bakhe: Iiflegi Zozwilakhe (Uhlelo kugqitywa ngo-1926) kunye nothotho Ivili leIberia (Ngo-1926-1931). Ngo-1928 watyikitya ikhontrakthi emnandi kunye ne-Ibero-American Publications Company (CIAP), eyathi yamnika intuthuzelo yezoqoqosho okwexeshana.

Kodwa I-CIAP yabhanga ngo-1931. IValle-Inclán yayisesitratweni, phantse kwimeko yentlupheko. Ekugqibeleni wavuma ukusebenza njengomgcini oqhelekileyo woGcino lwaBugcisa kuZwelonke (ngemisebenzi encinci). Ukwenza izinto zibe mandundu, ekupheleni kwaloo nyaka isicelo soqhawulo-mtshato esenziwe nguJosefina Blanco siphumelele (Wayegcina kuphela intombi encinci, uRamón wagcina abanye abathathu).

Ekuqaleni kuka-1933 kwafuneka iphinde isebenze eMadrid. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva waqala ukusebenza njengomlawuli weAkhademi yoBugcisa eRoma, nangona wayedimazekile ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokuwohloka kwesakhiwo seziko kunye nemfumba yeenkqubo zolawulo eziyimfuneko ukutshintsha imeko.

Ngo-1935 iingxaki zesinyi zakhe zaba mandundu. Ke ngoko, wagqiba kwelokuba abuyele eGalicia ukuze afumane unyango, kunye nokuzijikeleza ngabantu abathandayo, usapho kunye nabahlobo. Uzamile ukubhala kwakhona (ebengekaze avelise kwanto intsha isithuba seminyaka emibini), kodwa wayesele ebuthathaka kakhulu. URamón Valle-Inclán wasweleka ngoJanuwari 5, 1936, Washiya ifa elikhulu elenza ukuba afanelwe ziimbeko ezingenakubalwa ezenziwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.