Ibinzana nguRamiro de Maeztu.
URamiro de Maeztu y Whitney lelinye lamagama aphikisanayo kwimbali yezopolitiko zaseSpain ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Wazalelwa eVitoria, kwilizwe laseBasque, ngoMeyi 4, 1874. Wayengunyana kaManuel de Maeztu noRodríguez, osisityebi waseCuba ongumnini-mhlaba waseCienfuegos. Umama wakhe nguJuana Whitney, intombi yonozakuzaku waseBritane, owazalelwa kunxweme lwaseFrance lwaseNice.
Emsebenzini, wayevelele njengentatheli (ukuzifundisa). Ngelixa wayengena kwimibongo, inoveli, kunye nomdlalo, Ubuninzi bomsebenzi wakhe woncwadi wenziwe ngezincoko kunye namanqaku emibono. Ezi wazibhalela imithombo yeendaba eyahlukeneyo ngalo lonke ixesha lakhe lomsebenzi. Wadutyulwa ngo-1936 ezandleni zomyalelo weRiphabhlikhi, ekuqaleni kweMfazwe yamakhaya.
I-Biography yeMaeztu: ubomi obugcwele utshintsho kunye notshintsho
Imbali yezopolitiko kunye nokubhala kweMaeztu kubonakala ngathi iqinisekisa ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokutshintsha ingqondo yakhe amaxesha amaninzi njengoko kufuneka. Lo mlinganiswa uchithe ixesha lokufikisa kunye nenqanaba lokuqala lobomi babantu abadala eCuba. Apho, wazama (akaphumelelanga) ukuphinda ahambise ishishini likayise. Emva kwexesha, wazinza eBilbao ngokwesicelo sikanina, apho aqala khona uhambo lwakhe lobuntatheli.
Ngaphambili wayenethuba lokuhlala eNew York naseParis. Ukusebenzisana kwakhe kokuqala kunomdla xa kuhlalutywa ekubuyiseleni kwindlela ukucinga kwakhe okuza kuvela ngayo. Ngeli nqanaba-amashumi eminyaka ka-1890- wabhala kumajelo eendaba asekhohlo. Phakathi kwabo, ISocialist, wasebenza njengesixhobo sokusasaza esidlangalaleni iSpanish Socialist Workers Party.
Imigca yokuqala yezopolitiko
U-Anarchist ekuqalekeni kwakhe, uRamiro de Maeztu wayefudukela kwimibono engacacanga kangako njengoMsebenzi kunye noHlaziyo lwezeNtlalontle. Kamva, Wayeyinxalenye yesiZukulwana sika -98, iqela elinengqondo elinethemba elibi malunga nekamva leSpain. Ngokukodwa emva kwelahleko kumonakalo wase-US kwimimandla yokugqibela yamanye amazwe: ICuba, iPuerto Rico, iPhilippines kunye neGuam.
Ekupheleni kweMfazwe Enkulu, uRamiro de Maeztu wayehlala iminyaka engamashumi amathathu eLondon. Kwikomkhulu lase-Bhritane wayekhonza njengentatheli ye Imbalelwano yaseSpain, Hlabathi elitsha y IHerald yaseMadrid. Ke utyekelo lwabo lweembono lujike ngasekunene; Wayeyoliswa kukusebenza kwenkqubo yezopolitiko kunye nemodeli yobomi yesiNgesi.
Ukusuka kulondolozo ukuya kwi-ultra-conservative
Kwiminyaka elishumi yesithathu yenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, wazinza kwakhona eSpain. Umnyuseli omdala wobusoshiyali ngokuqinisekileyo wayesele ngasemva. Akazange eze kuphela ukukhanyela loo ndlela yokucinga, kodwa wakhusela nezikhundla ezichaseneyo ngamanye amaxesha. Ewe, waba ligorha eliqinisekileyo, umkhuseli wokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha okuhle, ibambelele kwiimfundiso zobuKatolika ngayo.
Ngexesha lolawulo lobuzwilakhe luka-Primo de Rivera-awayezikhusela ngalo kwasekuqaleni-wayekhonza njengommeli ongaqhelekanga kunye ne-plenipotentiary yase-Spain e-Argentina. Umsitho ophawule ikhondo lakhe lomsebenzi uza kwenzeka kwilizwe loMzantsi Merika: wadibana noZacarías de Vizcarra y Arana, umyili wengcinga ye-Hispanidad.
Imisebenzi ephambili kaRamiro de Maeztu: umpostile waseSpain
UMaeztu akazange abelane kuphela ngeengcamango zalo mfundisi we-Jesuit, wayeza kugqiba ukuzenza kwaye azisasaze ngentshiseko enkulu. Xa ubuzwilakhe bawayo kwaye kwasekwa iRiphabhlikhi yesibini, warhoxa njengonozakuzaku eBuenos Aires wabuyela eSpain. Kwilizwe lakhe lokuzalwa, waba ngomnye wabalinganiswa abaphambili kwidayatribe phakathi kweeriphabliki kunye neer monarchists.
Ufumana iphephancwadi Isenzo seSpanish, ukupapashwa apho kwavela khona iingcinga zakhe ngeSpanishi. Ukuthetha ngokulinganayo, ngumanyano lwaseSpain kunye neekoloni zalo zangaphambili, malunga nolwimi lwaseSpain kunye nenkolo yamaKatolika. Kwangaxeshanye, wayekhusela isidingo sokubuyisela isithsaba.
Iingcamango eziphikisayo zikaMaeztu
Ukuya kwenye iSpain.
Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: Akukho mveliso ifunyenweyo
Ngeli xesha, UMaeztu wazibhengeza njengomntu othanda uAdolf Hitler. Ngokuhambelana, wavakalisa ngokucacileyo ithemba lakhe lokuba umbutho ofana noMbutho wamaNazi uza koyisa eSpain. Ngendlela efanayo, wangqinela iziqubulo ezinxulumene nobuhlanga obumhlophe. Kwimibhalo yakhe, waye wafanelekisa abantu "baseMpuma" kunye nawuphina umntu ongakhange abonakale, "njengeentlanga ezingaphantsi."
Ngokwengqondo evela eVitoria, amaqela amancinci eentlanga anokuba luncedo ekukhuliseni umbono we-Hispanidad, kodwa ngaphandle kwegalelo elikhulu. Uninzi lwezo mbono zavela ngohlobo lwamanqaku okuhlela xa uMaeztu wayengumhleli weli phephancwadi. Isenzo seSpanish. Emva kwexesha, zahlanganiswa kweyona ncwadi yakhe ibalulekileyo neyathethwayo: Ukukhusela i-Hispanidad.
La Ukuzikhusela de la Ukuthetha iSpanish
Isicatshulwa esilungileyo ngokubhekisele ekuphatheni isincoko nakwisihleli; ubuntatheli, kodwa ngezinye iinyanga. Kuba Kwinqanaba lesakhiwo, umbhali utshintsha iziqubulo zoHlaziyo lwaseFrance, "inkululeko, ukulingana kunye nobuzalwana", "ngenkonzo, ulawulo oluphezulu kunye noluntu". Ngale ndlela, uMaeztu wabonisa ukuzikhukhumeza kwakhe xa evakalelwa kukuba unelungelo elipheleleyo lokugqithisa ezo njongo.
Ukukhuselwa kweSpanishi.
Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: Ukukhuselwa kweLifa leMveli laseSpain
Ekugqibeleni, Ukukhusela i-Hispanidad yaba sisiseko semibono yelungelo elichasene neRiphabliki kunye neFrancoism egcinayo. Ngapha koko, uzwilakhe uFrancisco Franco ngokwakhe-nangona wayeyindoda eyomeleleyo- wayeza kuthi ekugqibeleni agqale ngegalelo lakhe ngokumwonga ngo-1974 ukwahluka kuka-Count of Maeztu.
Eminye imisebenzi kaRamiro Maetzu
Intsingiselo yokuhlonipha imali, ubunzima benkqubo yebhanki
Intsingiselo ehloniphekileyo yemali.
Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: Intsingiselo ehloniphekileyo yemali
Intsingiselo ehloniphekileyo yemali Olunye udityaniso lwamanqaku awahlukeneyo ngemisebenzi yezemali, eveliswe phakathi kowe-1923 nowe-1931. Esi sihloko sisicazululo esisasebenza ekusebenzeni koqoqosho lwaseSpain, ukuphonononga ubunzima benkqubo yebhanki, urhulumente kunye nosapho.
Ingxaki yobuntu
Ingxaki yobuntu.
Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: Akukho mveliso ifunyenweyo
Ngokufanayo, ibonakala ngaphakathi kwikhathalogu yeMaeztu, Ingxaki yobuntu (Ngo-1919). Ngokwenyani, upapasho lwantlandlolo lwaluqala ngonyaka we-1916, ngexesha "leBritane" (yengcinga yenkululeko) phantsi kwesihloko Igunya, inkululeko kunye nokusebenza ekukhanyeni kwemfazwe. Umxholo wayo ungene kwimibono yegunya kunye nenkululeko yexesha layo xa kuthelekiswa nemfazwe emhlabeni jikelele.
Imikhosi yeMfazwe Enkulu, Imfazwe Enkulu ngokwembono yeMaeztu
URamiro de Maeztu wazibonela ngawakhe amehlo esinye seziganeko zemfazwe ezashiya ezona zikrelekrele "kwilizwekazi elidala". Umsebenzi wakhe wobuntatheli - kokubini kuluntu oluphezulu lwaseBritane, njengentatheli yecandelo- wamenza “ilizwi eligunyazisiweyo” kweyona ngxabano inkulu kwimbali yoluntu… ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
IziKronike zeMfazwe Enkulu.
Ukuphela kwembambano ngo-1918, akukho namnye owacinga ngokujongana okwesibini. La mava abonakalisiwe IziKronike zeMfazwe Enkulu, ingqokelela yomntu wokuqala malunga nokuqhambuka kwemikhosi yaseBritane. Ukwabandakanya umbono wakhe kuwo wonke umbutho wezopolitiko ovuswe ngexesha lokudibana.
Indima yobugcisa noncwadi
Ngaphandle kokuhamba kude nezenzo zakhe zopolitiko, Maeztu wabhala malunga nenyani yobugcisa. Kwimisebenzi yakhe emininzi wathi (ngabalinganiswa bakudala abavela kuncwadi lwaseSpain) indima yobugcisa ekwandiseni ubuni besizwe. Ngokufanelekileyo, ubukrelekrele obuvela eVitoria babuchasene ngokuqinileyo nokudalwa "kobugcisa ngenxa yobugcisa."