Ibinzana likaFernando Aramburu
Namhlanje, ukukhankanywa kwe-ETA kudala iyantlukwano ekrakra kwinqanaba lentlalontle yaseSpain. Uninzi lwempikiswano ekhoyo ngoku imalunga noMthetho weMemori yeDemokhrasi osandul' ukumiselwa, oxhaswa ngabezopolitiko abanenkqubela phambili kwaye unyeliswa ngabalondolozi. Lo mva uchaza lo mthetho ukhankanywe ngasentla njenge "revanchist, ihlelo kunye nokuvumelana nabanqolobi."
Inene, uninzi lweedemokhrasi zaseNtshona kunye nawona maziko anempembelelo kurhulumente wehlabathi -UN, OAS, iManyano yaseYurophu, phakathi kwezinye- babeyigqala i-ETA njengeqela elineembono ezibaxiweyo. Kuyabonakala, Ayingomxholo ulula ukuwulungisa. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, uluhlu lweencwadi ezineembono ezahlukeneyo malunga nokunyuka, ukunyuka nokuphela kwe-ETA kuboniswe ngezantsi.
Malunga ne-ETA
I-Euskadi Ta Askatasuna yayiyintlangano eyayizibiza ngokuba “yinkululeko, yokuthand’ izwe, yobusoshiyali neyenguqu” eyayisebenza ikakhulu kwiLizwe laseBasque (emantla eSpeyin naseFransi). Eyona njongo yalo mbutho yayikukukhuthaza ukuvela korhulumente wobusoshiyali ozimeleyo e-Euskal Herria.
Uninzi lwemisebenzi yolwaphulo-mthetho ye-ETA yaqala emva kokusweleka kuka Francisco Franco (1975) de kwaphakathi kwiminyaka yee-1990. Zaziquka ukukhuthuza, ukuqhushumbiswa kweebhombu, ukuxhwilwa, ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo, kunye nokunyotywa, kungoko bema njengabanqolobi. Iqela elinamandla lide lakwazi ukunyusa malunga ne-120 yezigidi zeedola zaseMelika ngenxa yokuphanga. Ngo-2011, iqela liye ladilizwa ngokuqinisekileyo.
isilinganiselo sokunkwantya
- Uphando olwenziwe ngabasemagunyeni baseFransi nabaseSpain lubonisa ukuba I-ETA yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-860 (kuquka abantwana abangama-22);
- Uninzi lwamaxhoba akhe ayevela kwimvelaphi yaseBasque yaye babequka oonogada basekuhlaleni (ingakumbi), oomantyi, abezopolitiko, oosomashishini, iintatheli neenjingalwazi;
- Iziqhushumbisi zakhe kubangele ukufa kwabantu abaninzi, kubhengezwe "njengomonakalo owenziweyo", ngokutsho kwentlangano.
Isishwankathelo sezona ncwadi zibalulekileyo ze-ETA
patria (2016)
Le noveli imele isiganeko esibalulekileyo kumsebenzi woncwadi kaFernando Aramburu. Ngapha koko, olu papasho lufumene amabhaso amaninzi-anje ngeMbasa yabagxeki okanye iMbasa yeSizwe eBalisa, phakathi kwabanye-kumbhali waseSan Sebastian. Ukongeza, ngo-2017 i-HBO yaseSpain yabhengeza ukuba isihloko siza kuguqulwa sibe luchungechunge lukamabonwakude (i-premiere yayo yalibaziseka ngenxa yobhubhani we-Covid-19).
UFernando Aramburu
patria ibonisa ibali likaBittori, umhlolokazi wosomashishini owabulawa yi-ETA kwindawo efihlakeleyo yasemaphandleni eGuipúzcoa. Ekuqaleni kwaloo ncwadi, utyelela ingcwaba lomyeni wakhe ukuze amxelele ukuba ubuyela kwidolophu ekubulawelwa kuyo. Kodwa, ngaphandle kokuvalwa kokugqibela kweqela labanqolobi, kule lali kukho uxinezeleko olugqunywe yinzolo yobuxoki egqubayo.
I-ETA kunye neyelenqe le-heroin (2020)
Ngowe-1980, i-ETA yatyhola ilizwe laseSpain ngokuzisa iheroin njengesixhobo sezopolitiko ukungasebenzi kunye nokutshabalalisa ulutsha lwaseBasque. Emva koko, phantsi kwaloo ngxoxo, umbutho wenqila usungulwe umtyholwa iphulo elikhulu lokuchasa ukuthengiswa kweziyobisi. Kodwa, ngokombono wombhali uPablo García Varela, "i-drug mafia" yayiyintsomi eyenziwe liqela lamaphekula.
Ukuyiphikisa ingongoma yakho, IVarela -PhD kwiMbali yangoku evela kwiUPV/EHU— Wenza uphando olunzulu ngalo mbandela. Isiphumo sisicatshulwa esicacisa ngedatha kunye nobungqina bendlela eyona njongo ye-ETA yayikukudibanisa inxalenye yayo exhobileyo. Kwakhona, umbhali ubonelela ngezinto ezinokubangela ingxaki yeziyobisi kwiLizwe laseBasque kunye nezisombululo zayo ezifanelekileyo.
1980. Ubunqolobi ngokuchasene neNguqu (2020)
Ukususela ngowe-1976, iSpeyin yaqalisa inkqubo ecothayo nebuhlungu yokutshintsha ukusuka kubuzwilakhe beFranco ukuya kwidemokhrasi. Kubekho ngaphezu kweminyaka emithandathu apho ubunqolobi bumele esona sisoyikiso esikhulu kuzinzo lwelizwe elikwintlekele. Injongo yolu lwaphulo-mthetho yayikukukhatywa ngokungqongqo kweNguqu ngamaqela abukhali aneeprofayili ezahlukeneyo zezopolitiko.
Kambe ke, ngaphandle kwemikhwa eyahlukahlukeneyo yale mibutho (abacalulayo, abo bathanda ukunxele kakhulu, abantu abathanda amalungelo amaninzi…) bonke bagqiba kwelokuba basebenzise ubugrogrisi ukwaphula urhulumente. Ebudeni baloo minyaka, owona mbhodamo wawungowe-1980, xa kwabhaliswa uhlaselo lwama-395., okubangele ukufa kwabantu abali-132, ukwenzakala abali-100 nokuxhwilwa abangama-20.
Ifayile
Abaququzeleli: UGaizka Fernández Soldevilla kunye noMaría Jiménez Ramos. Intshayelelo: Luisa Etxenike.
Umbhali: Gaizka Fernández Soldevilla, María Jiménez Ramos, Luisa Etxenike, Juan Avilés Farré, Xavier Casals, Florencio Domínguez Iribarren, Inés Gaviria, Laura González Piote, Carmen Lacarra, Rafael Leonisio, Robert Leonisio, Robert Murenez Parenez, Javier Murenez Parenez UMatteo Re, uBarbara Van der Leeuw.
lomhleli: IiTechnos.
Iingxelo zobunqolobi (2020)
Ihlelwe nguAntonio Rivera kunye no-Antonio Mateo Santamaría, Le ncwadi idibanisa iimbono zababhali be-20 phakathi kweengcali zembali, ifilosofi, intlalo yoluntu kunye nonxibelelwano. Ngokukodwa, ababhali baphonononga ukuphela kwemisebenzi yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokuchithwa kwe-ETA. Ngokunjalo, isicatshulwa sijonga imeko yangoku yobunqolobi kunye nokuqheleka kwayo kuzo zonke iintlobo zemidiya yenkcubeko.
Ngenxa yoko, ubundlavini buthe gqolo kuluntu ngoshicilelo, icinema, uncwadi nomabonwakude. Ngenxa yokusasazeka okunjalo, ababhali bayathandabuza indlela imbali exelelwa ngayo izizukulwana ezitsha. Balumkisa ngelithi eyona ngozi inkulu kukuba ibali elinomkhethe linokuthethelela ugonyamelo lwabanqolobi lize likubethe ngoyaba ukubandezeleka kwamaxhoba.
UFernando Buesa, ibhayografi yezopolitiko. Akufanelekanga ukubulala okanye ukufa (2020)
NgoFebruwari 22, 2000, usoshiyali wezobupolitika uFernando Buesa—kunye nomkhaphi wakhe, uJorge Díez Elorza—bagwintwa yi-ETA. Umfi ekuthethwa ngaye ebesongelwa ngumbutho wabanqolobi ngenxa yokuchasa kwakhe ubuzwe bamaziko yamaqela ahambelana ne-ETA. Olu tyekelo lwe-secessionist ideological yabonakala kakhulu kwi-PNV (i-Basque Nationalist Party) kunye namaqela athile e-PSE (i-Socialist Party yase-Euskadi).
Ngokuphathelele le ncwadi, UMikel Buesa, umntakwabo Fernando Buesa, ubhengeze kwiLibertad Digital ukuba isicatshulwa siyasilela ukunxulumanisa imiba ebalulekileyo yebhayoloji. yababuleweyo Nangona kunjalo, ukupapashwa kombhali-mlando u-Antonio Rivera kunye no-Eduardo Mateo-umthunywa kwi-Fernando Buesa Foundation-iquka iinkcukacha ezinxulumene nemizabalazo yangaphakathi kwi-Alava socialism.
Intlungu kunye nenkumbulo (2021)
Le comic ibhalwe ngu-Aurora Cuadrado Fernández kwaye yapapashwa nguSaure iveza amabali alishumi malunga nokubandezeleka, isithukuthezi, ukulahlwa, uloyiko kunye nokufa.. Abalinganiswa babo babonakala "beqhelekileyo", kuba akukho namnye kubo owayefuna ukuba ngumlinganiswa oyintloko. Nangona kunjalo, wonke umntu unyanzelekile ukuba ahambe kwindlela enzima yokunyamezela ukuze ahlangabezane nobunzima kwaye amkele ikusasa.
Bangabantu abaneemvelaphi ezahlukahlukeneyo, kodwa banento enye abafana ngayo: ubomi babo batshintshwa kakhulu sisenzo sabanqolobi. Ukudibanisa amabali, umbhali wabhenela kubungqina bamaxhoba kunye nezihlobo ezichaphazelekayo ngamaqela anenzondelelo yempambano afana ne-ETA, GRAPO okanye ubugrogrisi bamaSilamsi (11-M). Ababonisi abaphambili bemifanekiso ehlekisayo nguDaniel Rodríguez, uCarlos Cecilia, uAlfonso Pinedo kunye noFran Tapias.