Literary modernism: yintoni na kunye neempawu zayo

NgeSpanish, igama elithi modernismo libhekisa kwintshukumo yenkcubeko kunye neyoncwadi eyazalwa phakathi kweminyaka ye-1880 kunye ne-1917. Lo msinga waba nenkqubela enkulu kuncwadi lwesiCastilian, ngakumbi kwiLatin America. Ummeli wayo obalaseleyo yayiyimbongi yaseNicaragua, intatheli kunye nonozakuzaku uRubén Darío, kunye ne-anthology yakhe yombongo. Azul (1888). Lo msebenzi ubonisa ukuphuka kwe-aesthetics kwiileta zexesha.

Imodernism yoncwadi yaphawulwa ngokucokiswa, ukuhonjiswa kunye nokubekwa kwamagama, ngaloo ndlela ivelisa uhlaziyo kulawulo lweemetriki nolwimi. Kule ntshukumo kunokwenzeka ukuchonga impembelelo yeendlela ezintathu ezinkulu zaseYurophu: i-Parnassianism (ukukhangela injongo); romanticism (uxabiso lwento eyahlukileyo); kunye nesimboli (iimfihlelo zokuqonda).

Iimpawu zemodernism yoncwadi

Olona phawu lunzulu lwemodem yoncwadi inento yokwenza nokusetyenziswa kolwimi ngokwenkcubeko. Enye yeenjongo zakhe ezinkulu yayiyi "art for art's sake". Le ngcamango ibhekiselele ekudaleni nje ukwenza oko, ngokusebenzisa isimbo kunye neendlela zesihobe. Ababhekiseli balo mbutho bakhethe isihobe njengendlela ekhethwayo yokuvakalisa, ekubeni yabavumela ukuba baprinte iisimboli ezigcwele ubuhle.

Ukukhangela ubuhle

Kwabanamhlanje kwakuyimfuneko ukuba imifanekiso ibe mihle. Ukugqibelela okusesikweni kwiingoma kwakuyinxalenye yokuhlobisa komsebenzi ngamnye. Ulwimi oluphuculweyo nolukhathalelwe kakuhle, kunye nesidingo sokudala ngaphandle kwesizathu esinengqiqo okanye esinengqiqo, kodwa kunoko ubugcisa, bumise ubuhle bemibongo kunye nezinye iitekisi zentshukumo.

ukucoceka kulwimi

I-Modernism yafuna ubuhle ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zoncwadi ezibekwe ngokwenkcubeko. Ingqwalasela kwiinkcukacha zenze imifanekiso ehambelana nombala, ukuhambelana, iimvakalelo kunye nobugcisa. Imodernism yoncwadi ibonakala ngokusetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwemfanozandi, izingqisho eziphawulweyo kunye ne-synesthesia yesimboli. Ngokukwanjalo, ngumsinga ohamba ngaphaya koncwadi.

ukwala ubunyani

Ubhalo oluninzi olumalunga nemodem yoncwadi lwenzeka kwiindawo ezintsha, ezingaqhelekanga, okanye ezingeyonyani. Iimodernists zihlala zibaleka kubunyani beshishini bexesha, apho kwakungekho ndawo yobugcisa kunye nobuhle. Akuqhelekanga ukuba kwimibongo ukukhangela ngokupheleleyo ukwaneliseka ngobuhle kunokuxabiswa.

Ubuninzi bexabiso

I-modernist yangoku yayinomkhwa ocacileyo wokudala isimboli, imifanekiso kunye neendawo ezixabisekileyo. Ubuhle beClassic bukhona ngenjongo yodwa yokwanelisa isidingo sobuhle. Iimbongi bezityekele ekusebenziseni ulwimi oluzele zizixhobo zobuciko ezihle nezisenza imisebenzi yazo yandiswe ngakumbi.

Ukudibanisa phakathi kwe-melancholy kunye namandla

Amagcisa anamhlanje athanda ukusabela kwihlabathi elahlukileyo kwelabo kuba bengawuthandi umoya wexesha labo. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokuba i-melancholic trait ingabonwa kwimibhalo yale ntshukumo. Kwakukho ukungathembani okuthile kunye nokuwohloka phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX, nto leyo eyaqinisekisa kwakhona isimo sengqondo esimnyama seembongi.

Ukugqwesa komculo

Imibongo yale mihla kunye nemibhalo yayinomculo ophawuleka kakhulu. Le ntshukumo ihlawula imbeko kwiistoles ezinkulu zakudala. Iivesi zamandulo ezifana ne-dodecasyllable, i-Alexandria kunye ne-eneasyllable iyasetyenziswa.. Ngokunjalo, ibandakanya ukwahluka okutsha kwesonnet.

Impembelelo yeentsomi

Uninzi loncwadi lwanamhlanje luphenjelelwa ziintsomi zamaGrike-Latin. Ngaloo ndlela, Kungokwemvelo ukuba imibongo igxininise imixholo yayo ngoothixo kunye neengcamango ezintle ezinxulumene nobuthixo. Ngendlela efanayo, kukho intetho ngabalinganiswa abaqhelekileyo baseGrisi yamandulo kunye neemvakalelo ezinamathele kubo, nto leyo eyabanika umoya ophucukileyo kunye nobukrelekrele kwimisebenzi.

khangela inkululeko

I-Modernism, njenge-romanticism, ibonakaliswe ngokuphulwa kwemithetho yeklasi yoncwadi yexesha layo. Iingcali zanamhlanje zazama ukuvukela izakhiwo kunye nezithethe zokufumana iindlela ezintsha kunye ezintle zobugcisa..

Kwimibongo yalo mfuniselo wangoku kunye neendlela ezintsha buninzi. Baye baqamba amava kwi-lexicon, besebenzisa iiGallicisms, Hellenisms kunye neecultisms. Ezi ndlela zizame ukufumana ukunqaba kwamagama ngaphezu kokuchaneka okufanayo.

isixa samalungu

Imbongi URubén Darío, oyena ummeli omkhulu we-modernism eLatin America kunye nemibongo yekhulu lama-XNUMX, ilungelelanise i-metric yaseCastilian kwisiLatini. Umbhali uhlaziye izingqisho ezazibonakala zilityalwa kwiivesi, kuquka isithoba, ishumi elinesibini kunye neshumi elinesine. iisilabhili ngakumbi kwiitekisi zabo.

Umxholo wembali yemodernism yoncwadi

Inkulungwane ye-XNUMX yayizimisele ukuphumeza ibutho labantu elihambele phambili kwezoshishino nelithanda izinto eziphathekayo elizinikele emsebenzini. Inguqu kwezoshishino yavelisa imodeli yoluntu apho abantu babezixhalabise ngakumbi ngemveliso kunokuba bacinge. Kulo mxholo, imodernism yoncwadi ivela ukukhusela ubuchule, ubuhle kunye nobugcisa.

Kunzima kakhulu ukuchonga apho kanye kanye oku kuvela khona. Nangona kunjalo, iLatin America iyabathanda ababhali abakhulu banamhlanje. Inyaniso, URubén Darío, owazalelwa eMetapa, eNicaragua, ugqalwa njengoyise walo mbutho. Imisebenzi yalo mbhali, eyaziwa ngokuba "yinkosana yeeleta zaseCastilian", inikwe iParnassianism kunye nesimboli esiphefumlelwe yimisebenzi kaThéophile Gautier kunye noPaul Verlaine.

Ukongeza kuDario, Abanye ababhali abakhulu abapapashayo kwisiqingatha sokuqala se-1880 yayi: iCuban UJose Marti, iDominican Max Henríquez Ureña, imbongi yaseCuba uJulián del Casal, waseMexico uManuel Gutiérrez Nájera, uManuel González Prada wasePeru kunye noColombia uJosé Asunción Silva. La magcisa ayebizwa ngokuba “ngamagcisa” njengegama eligxekayo. Noko ke, kamva ngebhongo balamkela elo gama.

Eyona misebenzi iphawulekayo kaRubén Darío (1867-1916)

• Azul (1888);
• Iprose prose kunye neminye imibongo (1896);
• Iingoma zobomi kunye nethemba (1905);
• Ndiculela iArgentina neminye imibongo (1914);
• Inqabile (1896).

Eminye imisebenzi yesimanjemanje yoncwadi

• Ubudala begolide (1878-1882): uJosé Martí;
• ismaelillo (1882): uJosé Martí;
• Amphoras, Ukushicilelwa koMhlolokazi waseMontero (1914): UMax Henriquez Urena;
• Indibaniselwano yezozakuzo (1916) UMax Henriquez Urena;
• Moran, uFrancisco. Casal à rebours (1996): uJulián del Casal;
• I-Parnassus yaseMexico (1886): uSalvador Diaz Miron;
• imvakalelo yobugcisa (1893): Enrique Gomez Carrillo.