Ibinzana nguJosé Martí.
UJosé Martí wayengomnye wabaphengululi ababalaseleyo kwinkululeko yaseMelika. Uzalelwe eHavana ngoJanuwari 28, 1853, waba yenye yezona ndawo ziphambili zenkululeko yaseCuba. Ababhali-mbali abaninzi bade bamthathe njengendlalifa yomzabalazo olwa ne-impiriyali owawumelwe nguSimón Bolívar
Kodwa ngaphaya kobomi bakhe bezopolitiko-into edla ngokufumana lonke igama elijikeleze igama lakhe- wayengumbhali odumileyo. Ngokukodwa, UMartí wema ekucaciseni izincoko kunye nemibongo. Yeyiphi, eyamvumela ukuba andise iingcinga zakhe zopolitiko ngaphandle kokungahoyi ukuphononongwa kwemimandla yobuhle bomntu.
I-Biography
Iminyaka yokuqala
Nangona wazalwa phantsi kwelanga leCaribbean, Wahlala ebuntwaneni bakhe eValencia, eSpain, isixeko awayevela kuso utata wakhe, uMariano Martí. Kwiminyaka eyi-13 wabuyela eCuba, apho wayegqibezela khona izifundo zakhe zamabanga aphakamileyo. Apho wayeza kuba neendlela zakhe zokuqala ezisesikweni zobugcisa, xa wabhalisela iSikolo soPhando kunye noMfanekiso oqingqiweyo eHavana.
Ngelixesha lokudibana kwakhe okokuqala kunye nabasemagunyeni kwesi siqithi. Ngokukodwa, Watyholwa ngokungcatsha umbuso emva kokufunyanwa kweleta ebhalwe nguye enomxholo othi abanye abafundi "ngabawexuki" Ukubhalisela umkhosi wokuzimela geqe. Ngenxa yoku wagwetywa iminyaka emithandathu entolongweni. Kodwa ngenxa yemizamo yabazali bakhe, wagxothelwa eSpain.
Ukwakha ilivo
E-Spain waya kwizifundo zaseyunivesithi eMadrid naseZaragoza. Kwi-alma mater yekomkhulu le-Aragon yafumana izidanga kwi-Civil Law, Philosophy kunye neeleta. Ngelo xesha uJosé oselula wangena kwihlabathi lobuntatheli njengomntu obambisene naye kwiDiario de Avisos de Zaragoza.
Le ndlela yokushicilela yayilipapasho elinendawo yeRiphabhlikhi, eyindlela yalo yokuqala esesikweni yokufikelela kule ndlela yokucinga kwezopolitiko. Ukusukela ngoko waba "ngumntu wehlabathi" ... Wahamba esuka eParis waya eNew YorkWahlala ixesha lokuqala eMexico kwaye wachitha iinyanga ezimbalwa eGuatemala.
Umnqweno, isizathu sobomi
Kuhambo ngalunye, uMartí wandise umbono wakhe kwezinye izinto eziyinyani. Kwangokunjalo, wayehlala kwimicimbi yothando olunzulu, eminye yayo ibonakala kwimisebenzi yakhe yoncwadi. Nangona kunjalo, umbono wokukhulula ilizwe lakhe kwidyokhwe yaseSpain wawusele ucacisiwe engqondweni yakhe.
Ukugxothwa kwakhona
Kwi 1878, Sele etshatile kwaye enonyana, uJosé Martí wabuyela eCuba ngenjongo eqinileyo yokunyanzela inkululeko yelizwe. Ukulungiselela le njongo, waseka iCuban Central Revolutionary Club kwaye emva konyaka kwabizwa into ebizwa ngokuba "yimfazwe encinci". Olu hlaselo mfutshane luxhobileyo yayiyinzame yesibini yokuzimela ngokuchasene nesithsaba saseSpain.
Uvukelo lulawulwa ngokukhawuleza. UMartí wabanjwa kwaye wathunyelwa kwakhona ekuthinjweni (eNew York). Kodwa kwakungekho kubuya mva. Nokuba isibakala sokudibana nomfazi kunye nonyana wakhe esixekweni saseMelika samphazamisa kwinjongo yakhe ekudala ilindelwe: inkululeko yaseCuba. Injongo eya kuthi ekugqibeleni iphulukane nobomi bakhe kwaye, ngenxa yoko, akazange ayibone ifezekisiwe.
Umntu odumileyo
Ngexesha le-1880s, UJosé Martí wafumana udumo olukhulu kuninzi lweLatin America. Imeko ethathwe ekukhuleni kwakhe njengesincoko. Ewe, iimpapasho zakhe kumaphephandaba abalulekileyo kunye neemagazini ze ilatin America babenobunzima obukhulu. Ngaphandle, ewe, ukusuka ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwakhe kwimisebenzi yokuzimela kwinxalenye yeekoloni zokugqibela zaseSpain phesheya.
Iivesi zasimahla.
Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: Akukho mveliso ifunyenweyo
Okwethutyana wayeseCaracas, eVenezuela. Isicwangciso sakhe yayikukuququzelela ukusuka kuLwandle lweCaribbean olusemazantsi, lonke uthotho lwamayelenqe okubhukuqa abokoloniyali abahlala beqinile eCuba. Nangona kunjalo, wanyanzelwa ukuba abuyele kwi-Big Apple emva kokuba uMongameli u-Antonio Guzmán Blanco emgxothile kweli lizwe ngenxa yesincoko esipapashiweyo kwi Iphephancwadi laseVenezuela.
Umsebenzi woncwadi kaJosé Martí
Ngaphandle kokuxakeka kwezopolitiko okwaphawula ubomi bakhe, uJosé Martí wayesoloko efumana ixesha lokubhala. Ukongeza kwizincoko, umsebenzi wakhe ubandakanya isihobe, amabali amafutshane, imidlalo yeqonga kunye nenoveli. Ezangaphambili zezona zaziwayo, kuba uninzi lwazo lubangelwe ziisms eziyinyani xa bezipapashwa ngenxa yesimbo sokubhala.
Wethu America
Enye yeempapasho ezidumileyo zikaJosé Martí yile Melika yethu. Eli gama lavela ngoJanuwari 1891 kwi Imagazini enemifanekiso yaseNew York kunye Iphephandaba leLiberal Party yaseMexico. Lo mbhalo umele imodeli yento "isincoko sanamhlanje".
Ngamanye amagama, isimbo se Melika yethu Yindibaniselwano egqibeleleyo yobunzulu bokubonakala kwezinto ezikhoyo ("Emhlabeni", kodwa hayi ngokwasemoyeni, ngengqondo "yeklasikhi" yeli gama). Ngokudibeneyo neprozi ebalaseleyo njengoko ichaza, ethi, kude "nokuthandisa" umxholo, uwunike amandla awongamileyo.
Ilifa elintlangothi-mbini
Melika yethu ubukhulu becala ishwankathela umzimba weembono "zikaMartinian" (ngokucacileyo ichasene ne-impiriyali). Ke ngoko, ubuza amaMelika ngokuthatha kuphela ilungelo lokuzibiza "ngamaMelika." Ngokulinganayo, Ixhasa umanyano lwawo onke amazwe aseLatin America njengeyona ndlela yokujongana noko ikugqala njengesisongelo esitsha (iUS) yengingqi.
Ngokuhambelana UMartí wazibonakalisa enombono ochanekileyo, okwazi ukulindela izinto ezininzi ezizayo. nje ukuba ukoloniyalizim baseSpain boyiswe. Ngokusengqiqweni, le mfundiso "ichasene neYankee" iye "yaxhwilwa" ziinkokheli ezininzi zaseLatin American ezishiyekileyo ukuthethelela isigxina sayo emandleni kude kube namhlanje.
Imibongo kaJosé Martí
Ndacinga ngawe, ngeenwele zakho
Ndacinga ngawe, ngeenwele zakho
ukuba umhlaba wesithunzi ube nomona,
kwaye ndibeke inqaku lobomi bam kubo
kwaye bendifuna ukuphupha ungowam.
Ndihamba emhlabeni ngamehlo am
iphakanyisiwe- oh, ulangazelelo lwam!
ukuba ngekratshi elinomsindo okanye ngokudakumba okulusizi
isidalwa esingumntu sabakhanyisela.
Phila: -Yazi indlela yokufa; Yindlela endikhathaza ngayo
ukukhangela ngelishwa, oku kulungileyo,
kwaye bonke Ubukho emphefumlweni wam bubonakaliswa,
ndide ndigocagoce ukholo, ndife ke.
Hlakulela i-rose emhlophe
Hlakulela i-rose emhlophe
ngoJuni njengoJanuwari
Kumhlobo onyanisekileyo
ondinika isandla sakhe.
Kwaye ukhohlakele ondikhuphe kude
intliziyo endiphila ngayo,
Ukulima inkunzane okanye amarhawu;
Ndikhulisa i-rose emhlophe.
Umanduleli weNamhlanje
I-anthology encinci.
Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: Akukho mveliso ifunyenweyo
Ngelixa waba "ngumpostile wenkululeko" waseCuba, uMartí akazange anikeze nje indawo yakhe yokubhala. Uye wahlalutya ezona ndlela zazisetyenziswa zexesha lakhe, ngakumbi kwimibongo. Ngapha koko-njengohlobo lwesikweko kwingcinga yakhe yezopolitiko-wayikhusela inkululeko yoyilo ngaphezulu kwendlela yamandulo.
Indida engenabulungisa nengaphephekiyo yeembono
Mhlawumbi, Izikhundla zakhe "ezichasene ne-impiriyali" ziye zancoma abo "baphengululi" bafuna ukususa ukubaluleka kwayo ngaphakathi kwale mihla kunye noncwadi ngokubanzi. Kodwa kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ziya kuhlala zizithoba kwaye, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile, iingxelo ezingalunganga. Kungenxa yokuba uJosé Martí wenza ubuqhawe ngokweemfuno zembali yesizwe sakhe.
Angabalawula njani abo basebenzise ukucinga kwakhe ukuze bazuze? Ngaba abezopolitiko abavakalisa izimvo "zikaMartinian" ngenene basebenza ngokudibeneyo? Izikhundla zemibono ecaleni, Ayinakususwa kwindawo yayo engathandekiyo kwimbali yoncwadi lwangoku lweLatin American..