UDante Alighieri.
Ngaphantsi kwesihloko esithi "uncwadi lwamaxesha aphakathi" kuqokelelwe yonke imbonakalo yoncwadi eyazalwa eYurophu ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi. Lixesha elide kakhulu, elisusela ekuweni kobukhosi baseNtshona baseRoma ngo-476 ukuya ekufikeni kukaChristopher Columbus kwimimandla yaseMelika ngo-1492.
Amandla amakhulu afezekiswe yiCawa yamaKatolika akabonakalisi kuphela ukubonakaliswa kobugcisa beli xesha limbali, kodwa zonke iindawo zoluntu ngokubanzi. Enkosi koku, ubugcisa bamkelwa ngabefundisi ngeenjongo zokuziphatha kunye nemfundo. Soloko unombono ocacileyo wento ebonakalayo kuwo nawuphi na umsebenzi.
Ukususela kwisiLatini ukuya kwiilwimi eziqhelekileyo
Ngexesha lamaXesha aPhakathi aPhakathi (phakathi kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX neye-XNUMX), isiLatin yayiyeyona lwimi luphambili. Ke, Uncwadi lweli xesha luphuhliswe ngokukodwa kolu lwimi. Oku kusebenze ngenjongo yokufumana ubunzima obuthile ngenxa yenani eliphantsi labantu abakwaziyo ukufunda nokubhala.
Ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX ukuya phambili, iilwimi zomthonyama zafikelela kwinqanaba elaneleyo lokuphuhliswa kwababhali ukuze bazisebenzise phantse kuphela. Emva koko, isiLatin sancitshiswa saba sisinxibelelanisi esasetyenziswa ngabefundisi kunye nezidwangube.
"Ukutshona kwelanga" kwesiLatin
Nangona ubukhosi beLatin babubonisa imeko ekumgangatho ophezulu ngelo xesha, yaba yinto eyodwa eyagqibela iyigxeka de yangasasebenzi. Ngokunjalo, iilwimi zommandla ngamnye zinike ioksijini kwiintshukumo ezivelayo zobuzwe ngexesha lale mihla.
Amandla ecawa
Namhlanje, Umbono wendalo ekhethekileyo yenkolo kunye nokuziphatha ngendlela efanelekileyo isasazeke kakhulu. Uncwadi lwamaxesha aphakathi. Phantsi kwale mbono, eyona njongo yayo iphambili iya kuba kukufundisa abantu, ukuseta izikhokelo zokuziphatha kunye "nemeko" kuyo - ikakhulu ngenxa yokoyika - ukufuna uThixo.
Kodwa ebudeni bamaXesha Aphakathi ezinye izinto ezininzi zabhalwa ngazo. Ukwengeza, Kuyimfuneko ukuba uqwalasele ukuba umatshini wokushicilela awuzange ubonakale de kube lixesha lokuzalwa kwakhona, Ngenxa yoko, kuphela yimibhalo yesandla yokulondolozwa okunzima kunye / okanye engathandabuzekiyo esindileyo. Ngapha koko, kwiimeko ezininzi yayiyicawa uqobo - kwindima yayo njengesiqinisekiso senkcubeko yelo xesha-eyayilawula ukubakhusela.
Uncwadi olungcolileyo
Imibuzo yokuqala kwi-theocentrism yavela kuncwadi lwamaXesha Aphakathi. Ezi ngcinga "zotshintsho" zaqala ukucaciswa (kuba oko kwakubeka emngciphekweni omkhulu), ngokusekwe kwizimvo zehlabathi ezinika amandla abantu amandla okuguqula umhlaba.
Ukuhlekisa okungcwele.
Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: Uhlobo oluBalaseleyo lukaThixo
Olu tshintsho lwenzeka ikakhulu ngexesha lamaXesha aPhakathi aPhakathi (okwabizwa ngokuba lixesha langaphambi koKuvuselelwa). Xa oohlohlesakhe baqala ukufumana indawo ngakumbi nangakumbi ngelixa urhwaphilizo kumanqanaba aphezulu ecawa aya esiba yinto engenakuphikwa.
Ukungathathelwa ngqondweni komntu wombhali
Uninzi lweetekisi zamaxesha aphakathi azichazwanga, ngenxa yenxalenye-yenyani yokuba umbono wangoku wobalo lombhali awuzange uvele kude kube lixesha lokuzalwa kwakhona. Ngale ndlela, uninzi lwababhali bamaxesha aphakathi babezinikele ngakumbi ekubhaleni nasekuhlobiseni amabali avela kwisithethe somlomo, endaweni yomsebenzi wobuchule kunye nentelekelelo.
"Kungcono ungatyikityi"
Ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, ukungaziwa kwaba yindlela esebenzayo yokubaleka iliso elibuzayo.. Ngesi sizathu, enye yezona "zindumasi" zaziwayo yayiyiGoliath Poetry, eyayiludidi lwengoma eyakhiwe ngokwamabinzana emi-XNUMX.
Umba "oethe-ethe" weSibongo sikaGoliath yayingumxholo wawo, owawusetyenziswa ngabefundisi abathile ukubonisa ukungavumelani kwabo nezifundo ezithile ezibuthathaka. Ke, Ukungaziwa kwakubalulekile ekuthatheni umngcipheko wokubhengezwa njengomngcatshi okanye umgwebi.
Uncwadi lokucengceleza
Kubalulekile ukuthathela ingqalelo oku kulandelayo: phantse zonke izicatshulwa zazicatshulwe kwisithethe somlomo kuba ipesenti ephezulu kakhulu yabemi yayingafundanga. Ngesi sizathu, "ukufundisa" bekuyimfuneko ukufunda ngokuvakalayo amabinzana abhaliweyo (uncwadi oluphakathi), ikakhulu olwenziwe ziivesi.
Inqaku lokuvela kwezinto ezininzi ezinesandi
Iivesi zivumela ukucengceleza, okunika ukufundwa isingqisho kunye nenjongo yokungafikeleleki kunye neprozi. Ngenxa yoko, kwavela imiba eyahlukeneyo yeengoma, ezinjenge-lyric, i-ode okanye iisonethi. Kwezi, imisebenzi yeenkosi ezihloniphekileyo kunye nabakhuseli bakaThixo abazinyanzela kwizilo ezoyikekayo zobuthixo, bathabathela kubo iingcinga zabemi.
Ukwengeza, Amabali "othando lwenkundla" kwaye abo babhekisa kulangazelelo olungafunekiyo babenendawo yabo.. Ukuba luhlobo lweyelenqe elixhatshazwe kakhulu liqela labazobi abanamava obudala babo begolide ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi: ii-troubadours.
Ulondolozo lwe isimo semeko
"Imbali ibhaliwe ngabaphumeleleyo" libinzana elifanelekileyo ukuchaza umoya woNcwadi lwaMandulo. Ngaphandle kwalo mgaqo, icawe — ixhaswe ngookumkani, kuxhomekeka kwiimpawu zommandla othile — isebenzise uncwadi ukuthethelela umgaqo wayo.
Kule nkalo, Imibhalo emibini engaziwa engaziwayo ebhalwe ngabefundisi yecawa ibonakala: Isivumelwano soobhishophu nguGerardo de Cambrai kunye UCarmen Robertum regem francorum YeAdalberón de Laon. Zombini zichaza ngokucacileyo imeko yentlalo yexesha: ii-oratores (abo bathandazayo), i-bellatores (abo basokolayo) kunye ne-labour (abo basebenzayo).
Uluntu olunobukrwada ...
Uluvo oluchazwe kumhlathi odlulileyo luhlanganisa ukwahlulwahlulwa kube ludidi loluntu, ngokunyanzelwa (ubuncinci) de kwaba liMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Kwenzeka into efanayo ngobugqwetha, inkqubo yezoqoqosho eyavela kulo lonke elaseYurophu emva kokuqhawulwa koBukhosi baseRoma. Eyathunyelwa eMelika xa ubukoloniyali beHlabathi Elitsha begqityiwe.
UGiovannni Boccacio.
… Kwaye gwenxa
Ngokufanayo, Abasetyhini sele behluphekile ngeli xesha ubunzima bengcinezelo. Nangona kunjalo, njengexesha lembali bekuqhubeka ngakumbi kunokwenza uhlengahlengiso. Ewe, le mbono yocalucalulo yayirhuqiwe ukusuka kwi-Antiquity kwaye yabonakala kwi-Medieval Literature.
Ambalwa kakhulu amabhinqa akwazi ukwaphula isigqubuthelo sokungaziwa. Phantse bonke "babengabafazi bakaThixo", oonongendi abathi, ngeeleta zabo, bazazisa izityhilelo zabo ezingcwele. Ukusuka apho, abanye bavunyelwa ukufikelela kwinqanaba labangcwele emva kokufa kwabo.
Imisebenzi ephawulekayo kunye nabalobi
AmaXesha Aphakathi abona ukuzalwa kwemisebenzi yeembonakalo kwimbali yoluntu. Uninzi lufuna amanqaku akhethekileyo ukuba ahlalutye kumgangatho wawo ofanelekileyo. Ezinye zazo zezi: Ingoma ye-Mio Cid, Beowulf, UDigenis Acritas y Ingoma kaRoldán, phakathi kwezinye ezininzi.
Ngaphandle kokungaziwa, yayilixesha lababhali ababalaseleyo. Ukuqala ngo UDante Alighieri y Uhlobo oluBalaseleyo lukaThixo okanye uGiovanni Boccacio nge Decameron. Njengommeli wabasetyhini kunyanzelekile ukuqaqambisa uChristine de Pizan, umbhali we IsiXeko saseLadies. Ngokwenani lembali, yeyona ncwadi isisiseko kumlo wokulingana ngokwesini.