1984.
1984 Yeyona noveli ibalaseleyo yombhali waseBritane kunye nentatheli uEric Arthur Blair, Waziwa kwihlabathi liphela phantsi kwegama lakhe, George Orwell. Ishicilelwe nge-9 kaJuni, 1949, ayingomsebenzi wokuqala othathelwa ingqalelo njenge-dystopian, ngakumbi ukuba ibingumxholo owenza eli gama ukuba libe nemfashini kwihlabathi liphela.
Le ncwadi yayiyimpumelelo enkulu yorhwebo ukusuka kufakelo lwayo lokuqala kwiishelufa zevenkile. Ukusukela ngoko, ibuyile ngesiqhelo ukuya phezulu kwiitshathi zentengiso. Okokugqibela ukubuyela umva kwenzeka ngo-2016, xa uDonald Trump wanyulwa-okothusa abaninzi- njengomongameli wama-45 wase-United States.
Umbhali
U-Eric Arthur Blair wazalwa ngoJuni 25, 1903, eMotihari, isixeko esikummandla omkhulu wobukoloniyali baseBritane eIndiya. Ngexesha lobomi bakhe wayeyindoda elwa ngokuchaseneyo neenkqubo zoozwilakhe kunye nama impiriyali. Ngexesha lobutsha bakhe, wada wavukela urhulumente wakhe eBurma.
Emva kwexesha waya eSpain ukuze ajoyine ukukhusela iRiphabhlikhi ngokuchasene nohlaselo lukaFranco. Ngapha koko, waphantse wadutyulwa eCatalonia ngenxa yayo (wasinda ngokungummangaliso). Onke la mava, kunye nenkcaso yolawulo lwamaNazi noStalin, zikho kwimisebenzi yakhe emininzi. Inqaku elicacileyo kwi 1984, nakwenye inoveli yenqaku: Uvukelo efama.
Iminyaka yophando lobuntatheli
U-Orwell, intatheli, uhambe ixesha elide ukuqokelela yonke idatha ebandakanyiweyo kwisicatshulwa iminyaka emihlanu ubuncinci. Ezi zimele iinkcukacha ezikhanyisela ngokumangalisayo kubaphulaphuli phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Ukufunda olu hlaziyo lwembali kuvumele abaninzi ukuba baqonde ingqokelela yeziganeko ezothusayo ezenzeke eYurophu ukusukela kwiMfazwe Enkulu.
Isihloko esithi 1984 sibeka iyelenqe kwikamva elikude, ngenxa yesi sizathu ngelo xesha lalithathwa ngokuba "sisincoko sesiprofeto". Nangona umbhali wacacisa ngaphezu kwesinye ukuba akukho nje iingcamango ngekamva loluntu. Ngokukodwa yayikukuphononongwa ngokuhlekisayo kwezinto ezenzekileyo ukuya kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
Kwinzala
Uvukelo efama yapapashwa ngo-1945; 1984 ngo-1949… uGeorge Orwell wasweleka emva konyaka, elixhoba lesifo sephepha ekudala sikhona. Njengabazobi abaninzi abaziwayo ngalo lonke ixesha, ebengenakonwabela ngokupheleleyo impumelelo yomsebenzi wakhe. Oku akuyonto encinci, njengoko ethathwa njengomnye wababhali abanempembelelo kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
UGeorge Orwell.
Ngapha koko, iimpembelelo zayo zihlala zisebenza kude kube liwaka elitsha. Yintoni egqithisile, Utyala isichazi "u-Orwellian", igama elisetyenzisiweyo ngoku ukubhekisa kulawulo lobuzwilakhe. Eli gama libhekisa kwiinkqubo ezitshabalalisa ngabom imbali kunye nenkcubeko yoluntu luphela ukuze zilungele iimfuno zazo.
1984, amaqokobhe enathi
ELondon, ngo-1984. Isixeko saseNgilandi, kunye nezinye iziqithi zaseBritane, ziyinxalenye yeOceania. Ngokwenyani, abonisa elinye lamagunya amathathu amakhulu ilizwe elahlulelene kuwo. Imimandla yeli lizwe le-mega ibandakanya i-Ireland, i-Afrika esemazantsi, iMelika iyonke, iNew Zealand ne-Australia.
Ezinye izizwe ezimbini esele zikho yi-Eurasia - eyenziwe yiSoviet Union kunye neYurophu iphela (ngaphandle kwe-Iceland- kunye ne-East Asia, ingqokelela phakathi kwe China, Japan ne Korea. La maqela ahlala esilwa (Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwezoqoqosho, ke, kufuneka ihlale ibaleka nangaliphi na ixabiso). Kwangelo xesha, ungquzulwano lwemfazwe luyindlela egqibeleleyo yokulawula abantu.
Abalinganiswa
UWinston Smith ngumdlali ophambili kunye nomhambisi weendaba. Sebenza kolunye ukhuphiswano olwenzelwe ukugcina urhulumente esemandleni: Icandelo loMphathiswa Wenyaniso. Umsebenzi wakhe kukuphinda abhale imbali ihambelane neemfuno zikarhulumente. Okwangoku, ayinamsebenzi ukuba ungabhala intsomi kwaye uhlehlise iirekhodi eziyinyani. Ngesi sizathu, uyacekiseka yinkqubo ekhoyo.
Umnqweno wakhe wotshintsho umqhubela ekubeni ajoyine ubuzalwana bokumelana noJulia, intombazana awathandana nayo kwaye yabelana ngeenjongo ezifanayo.. Kodwa umbutho olwela inguquko ujika ubeyenye indlela yolawulo. Bobabini abalinganiswa bayabanjwa, bayathuthunjiswa kwaye banyanzelwe ukuba bamkele ngokungathandabuzekiyo lonke ulwazi lukarhulumente, nokuba ngaba "zimbini dibanisa ezimbini zilingana nesihlanu."
Iimpawu
1984 izipho ezineengcinga ezichanekileyo zokuphola kunye nezixhobo ezikhoyo ngoku namhlanje. Ixesha lokuqala eliqulunqwe ngu-Big Brother, yahambelana nombono wokuba yonke indawo ikwindawo yonke kunye nokuqwalaselwa ngokupheleleyo. Nazi elektroniki (izikrini) ezibekwe ngenjongo yokujonga yonke intshukumo yabantu.
Okwangoku, awona mazwi aguqukayo ngokuchasene neDigital Revolution abonisa ukuba i-Alexa okanye uGoogle namhlanje uzalisekisa ngaphezulu okanye ngokuncinci umsebenzi wokulandela umkhondo wabemi. Ngapha koko, uninzi lweembono zelenqe kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo zisekwe kolu hlobo lokucinga kuka-Orwellian.
Iintsomi zesayensi?
Isicatshulwa sikaGeorge Orwell.
"Amapolisa okucinga" ngomnye wemifuziselo ye 1984. Eyona njongo yayo iphambili kukusebenzisana, kunye neephothifoliyo zabaphathiswa (ngaphandle koMphathiswa weNyaniso kukwakho nezoLuthando, Ubuninzi noXolo) ngokucinezela umbono we-Self. Ke ngoko, ukuzimela akuvumelekanga, kuba uluntu kufuneka lube sisininzi esifanayo esilawulwa luloyiko kunye nemfazwe.
Ngaphandle kwamagama
Kwelinye icala, ukusetyenziswa kolwazi yenye yezona zinto zinzulu ngu-Orwell kwibali lakhe, kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwimi lwamva. Le yinkqubo eyenziweyo ukusika amagama ngengcinga yokuwela ngaphandle njengeyona ingekhoyo yonke into engenakucingwa ngayo.
Ngokucacileyo, ukufana okukhoyo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje kuninzi. Ngamaxesha apho iindaba ikakhulu kwabelwane ngazo kwimidiya yoluntu, akunakwenzeka ukuba uqiniseke ngokupheleleyo ngemida phakathi kwenyaniso nobuxoki. Ukongeza, i emoji Bayasondela kwaye bayasondela ekushiyeleni abantu bengathethi.
Ngaba likhona ikamva?
Akukho njongo nabaphangi, ukuvalwa kwe 1984 kuphelelwe lithemba ngokupheleleyo. Isicatshulwa siphela ngenkcazo yendalo yonke apho ulawulo olungenakuphinda lubuyiswe. Ngokuyichaza le nkxalabo "kubomi bokwenyani", ngaba uluntu lusenokuphunyuka? ...