ari utopias, dystopias uye uchroniaskunyanya maviri ekupedzisira vane mafashoni zvose mumabhaisikopo uye mumabhuku uye mutsika zvakazara, asi vanga varipo kwenguva yakareba uye vanoramba vachirimwa uye vanogadzira vateveri uye vakapindwa muropa. Isu tichaongorora zvavari pamusoro uye isu tichaita a kusarudzwa mamwe mazita anomiririra zvakanyanya.
Utopias, dystopias uye uchronias
Utopia
Inotsanangurwa kunyanya nehuzivi, pfungwa iyi inowanikwawo mumabhuku. zvinoreva a fungidziro, idyllic uye nzanga yakaruramaMushoko rimwe, zvakakwana. Zvinobva kubasa raChangamire Thomas More zita rakadai, Utopia, kubva muna 1516, rakanyorwa muchiLatin uye richigadza chiono chenzanga yakafanira. Zvinogonawo kuitika kuti boka rakatonyanya kufambira mberi rinobatsira kuti nzanga irambe ichivandudza.
Inowanzoshandiswa semuenzaniso we kushora kana kushora zvemagariro, sezvo pachagara paine kupokana uye kutsemuka munzanga iyo, netsanangudzo, haina homogeneous zvachose.
- The Republic - Plato
Inofungidzirwa zita rekutanga remhando, kunyange muGreece yekare izwi racho rakanga risipo. Asi ndizvo muenzaniso wekutanga werondedzero iyoyo yenzanga yakanaka kuti iguta rine hutongi hwejekerere umo mune mapoka matatu evanhu: vatungamiri, vanotonga zvakarurama, varwi, avo vanodzivirira zviri pachena nzanga iyoyo, uye vashandi vemaoko kana vagadziri vehupfumi kune vose.
- iyo itsva atlantis —Francis Bacon
Novel iri rinotaura nyaya ya nzvimbo yengano inogarwa nesangano rinowirirana uye rakadzikama, iro rakatanga kutenda kune ruzivo rwesainzi uye kwetekinoroji. Izvozvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuvandudza upenyu mune zvose uye munzvimbo dzose.
Uye mamwe mazita ndeaya e utopia yemazuva ano, naHG Wells kana kupera kwehudiki, rakanyorwa naArthur C. Clarke.
dystopia
Pfungwa inopikisa utopia uye yakawanda kazhinji uye inopa kutamba kwakawanda muhunyanzvi ngano, uko izvo nzanga yekufungidzira haina kururamisira uye ine mhirizhonga uye hapana angada kuva chikamu chayo. Izvo zvinowanzoitikawo kuti mune dzakawanda nyaya dzedystopian zvinhu zvechokwadi uye zvisiri izvo zviripo kana zvakabatanidzwa.
- Nyika inofara - Aldous Huxley
Chokwadi zita tsanangudzo uye inenge iri mumhando yepamusoro yemhando yainogovana nayo 1984, ivo George Orwell. Mumaviri, nzanga inofamba vatambi inodzorwa nea hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri uye hudzvanyiriri iyo inotarisa pamusoro pevagari vese uye inoongorora kusikwa kwehunyanzvi, chitendero uye chero imwe mhando yekuratidzwa kwetsika isiri iyo yakatemerwa.
- Essay pamusoro peupofu - Jose Saramago
Rimwe bhuku rekare rinotaurira nyaya yekuti chirwere chinopofumadza vanhu chinopararira sei kuti chive Denda uye inotsamwisa nzanga yedystopian uko iyo udyire, the mhirizhonga uye kuora mwoyo uye, zvakare, kudzorwa nehurumende inodzvinyirira.
- Nyaya yaMhandara —Margaret Atwood
Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa yemazuva ano dystopian novel, chinhu chemazuva ano cheterevhizheni chakaguma chataura kubudirira kwose.
Uchrony
Zvinonyatsotsanangurwa se "pasina nguva", inoda kutaura a imwe nzira kune chokwadi chaicho kana chenhoroondo chii chakaitika Kureva kuti inozviona sekuti pane chakaitika chisina kuitika kana kuti chiitiko chakaitika chakapera kana kushanduka neimwe nzira.
- uchronia. Utopia munhoroondo —Charles Renouvier
chaive ichi French philosopher wekutanga kushandisa izwi iri, uyo pakutanga aida kuratidza imwe nhoroondo nenzira yeutopian, kureva, kuratidza zvakanaka zvaifanira kunge zvakaitika kwete zvakaipa zvakaitika chaizvo. Bhuku iri rinotaura nezvekutevedzana kwamambo Marcus Aurelius apo, pachinzvimbo che Comfortable, anotora simba ndiye Avid Cassius, izvo zvinodzivirira kukunda kwechiKristu muWestern Empire, kukunda vatorwa vekuChamhembe uye anosvetuka pamusoro peMiddle Ages kuti ive iri nani European Union.
- murume munhare —Philip K. Dick
Pasina kupokana, iyo uchrony of uchronies, kana imwe yeanonyanya kuzivikanwa, ibasa iri rakaitwa natenzi wesainzi fiction inobata pane yakanyanya hackneyed theme yerudzi: the kukunda kwemauto eAxis kurwisa maAllies muHondo Yenyika II. Uye izvo zvinobuda ndezvechokwadi chakatsanangurwa chakasiyana umo maNazi ari akaipa zvachose uye anotonga hafu yepasi. Rimwe basa rakabatana nayo ndere PatrianaRobert Harris.
- Yakatora nguvai —Ward Moore
Iyo inobata neimwe musoro wenyaya inokweretesa kune yakanyanya kusarongeka fabulation kana fungidziro, iyo ye hondo yeAmerica. chikamu chevanopomerwa Victoria Del hondo yezasi muhondo ye Gettysburg, izvo zvinotungamirira kumagumo emakwikwi. Saka makore mashoma gare gare iyo ikozvino ine rusarura uye imperialist Confederate hurumende inotonga ese North neSouth America uye inochengeta nyika kumashure uye nenhamo ichafanirwa kutarisana nemasimba epasirese matsva ane simba, asiri mumwe kunze kwe Humambo hweGerman.
Uye saka tinopedzisa iyi ongororo pfupi yeakakurumbira utopias, dystopias uye uchronies.