Mbiri ya Rubén Darío

Kodi mukuyang'ana mbiri ya Rubén Darío? Anthu aku Nicaragua Ruben Dario anali m'modzi mwa andakatulo aku Spain-America omwe ambiri adasinthiranso kamvekedwe ka mawu achi Castile ndi ndakatulo zake. Tikhozanso kunena kuti ndi iye the zamakono, pokhala mwiniwake wolimbikitsa kwambiri.

Rubén Darío sanali dzina lomweli. Dzina lake lenileni linali Wokondwa Rubén García Sarmiento, koma anatenga dzina loti Darío chifukwa anali ndi dzina lodziwika bwino lomwe loti abambo ake amadziwika. Rubén adayamba kulemba mwachizolowezi, ngati kuti kulemba ndakatulo zinali zachilendo panthawiyo komanso m'malo ake (maulemu kwa womwalirayo, ma odes opambana, ndi zina zambiri), koma mosavutikira modabwitsa polemba mavesi ndi nyimbo ndikuziwerenga.

Moyo wake sunali wophweka konse. Anakulira pamiyeso yakusagwirizana m'banja yomwe idamupangitsa kuti apulumuke polemba, ndikupanga malingaliro achikondi komanso maloto m'manyimbo ake onse oyamba.

Zaka makumi angapo zidadutsa ndipo Rubén Darío adayitanidwa kuti asinthe mwatsatanetsatane mavesi achi Castile ndikudzaza mabuku aku Latin America ndi malingaliro atsopano.

"Maluwa achilendo amawoneka
mu maluwa okongola a nkhani zabuluu,
ndipo pakati pa nthambi zamatsenga,
papemores, omwe nyimbo yake idzasangalatsa chikondi
kwa ma bulbeles.

(Papemor: mbalame yosowa; bulbeles: nightingales.) "

Moyo waufupi, zolembalemba zambiri (1867-1916)

Ruben Dario anabadwira ku Metapa (Nicaragua), koma mwezi umodzi wokha atabadwa, adasamukira ku León, komwe abambo ake a Manuel García ndi amayi ake a Rosa Sarmiento akuti anali ndi banja losavuta koma losachita bwino lomwe lodzaza chisangalalo. Anadzipangitsa kukhala womasuka m'makalata am'deralo ndipo amathawa nthawi ndi nthawi ndi abale ake. Chisokonezo chidalipo m'banjali ndipo Rubén posakhalitsa adapita kukakhala ndi amalume a amayi ake, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie ndi mwamuna wake, the Colonel Féliz Ramírez, zomwe zinamulandira bwino kwambiri komanso monga makolo enieni. Rubén analibe chikondi cha amayi ake komanso koposa bambo ake, omwe amamuwona ngati gulu lowona.

Anaphunzira mu Koleji ya Jesuit, komwe samayenera kukhala ndi chikondi chambiri potengera ndakatulo zoseketsa komanso zonyoza zomwe adalemba za izo panthawiyo. Ali mwana, posakhalitsa adamva kukopeka ndi Gustavo Adolfo Wopambana y Victor HugoOnsewa amaganiza za ethenes mchikondi, nthawi zonse amakhala okonda zachikondi komanso chikondi chosasangalatsa.

Ndi zaka 15 Ndinali kale ndi mndandanda wokhala ndi mayina a atsikana atatu: Rosario Emelina Murillo (malinga ndi malongosoledwe ake, msungwana wochepa thupi wokhala ndi maso obiriwira), msuwani wakutali, wowoneka bwino komanso wokongola kwambiri yemwe pambuyo pake amakhulupirira kuti ndi Isabel Swan, ndipo pamapeto pake, wojambula wa trapeze Hortensia Buislay. Koma palibe amene angafike pamtima pake monga oyamba, Rosario Emelina Murillo, yemwe adamupatsa buku lachifundo losavuta lotchedwa "Emelina." Ankafuna kumukwatira, koma abwenzi ake komanso abale ake adakonza chiwembu kuti achoke mzindawo osapanga ziganizo mopupuluma komanso mosaganizira.

Mu 1882 adakumana ndi Purezidenti Zaldívar, ku El Salvador, komwe adalemba izi: “… anali wokoma mtima kwambiri ndipo adandiuza za mavesi anga ndikunditeteza; Koma nditadzifunsa kuti ndimafuna chiyani, ndinayankha ndi mawu osakumbukika omwe anapangitsa munthu wamphamvuyo kumwetulira: 'Ndikufuna kukhala ndi malo abwino ochezera'. "

M'mawuwo nkhawa yake yayikulu idawonekera bwino ndipo ndichomwecho Rubén Darío nthawi zonse anali ndi zokhumba za bourgeois, zomwe nthawi zonse zinkakhumudwitsa.

Atafika ku Chile, adayeseranso atakumana ndi Purezidenti Balmaceda komanso mwana wake, Pedro Balmaceda Toro, omwe adacheza nawo. Chikhumbo chake chodziona ngati bourgeois chidafika pachimake amene ankadya mobisa hering'i ndi mowa, kuti azitha kuvala bwino komanso moyenera pamalo ake abodza.

Kupitanso pang'ono pantchito yake yolemba, adasindikiza ku Chile kuyambira 1886, "Ma caltrops", ndakatulo zina zomwe zimafotokoza za chisoni chake cha wolemba ndakatulo wosauka komanso wosamvetsetseka. Mu mpikisanowu wolemba mamiliyoni wa Federico Varela adalemba "Yophukira", momwe adapeza malo odzichepetsa kwambiri 8th pakati pa 47 omwe adawonekera. Anatenganso nawo gawo "Nyimbo ya Epic kuulemerero wa Chile", pamtengo woyamba womwe umapereka malipoti ake oyamba 300 omwe adalandira ndi mabuku.

Ndi mpaka 1888 pomwe adazindikira kufunikira kwa Rubén Darío. Bukhu lomwe lingamupatse kutchuka kumeneku lidzakhala "Buluu", Buku lotamandidwa kuchokera ku Spain ndi wolemba mabuku wotchuka Juan Valera. Makalata ake anali poyambira kukonzanso katsopano komwe kudzafalitsidwe mu 1890. Ngakhale zinali choncho, Darío sanali wokondwa ndipo kufunitsitsa kwake kudziwika koposa zonse kulemera kwachuma kudali kale kovuta kwambiri. Ndipamene "amathawira" ku Europe, makamaka ku Paris.

Rubén Darío ku Europe

Iye anakwatira Rafaela Contreras, mkazi wokonda zomwezo komanso zolembalemba. Panali pa nthawi yazaka zana lachinayi la Kupeza kwa America pomwe adawona kufunitsitsa kwake kuti adziwe Dziko Lakale kukwaniritsidwa pokhala anatumizidwa ngati kazembe ku Spain.

Adafika ku La Coruña mu 1892, ndipo komweko adalumikizana ndi atsogoleri andale aku Spain komanso zolemba zawo. Koma pamene zonse zimawoneka ngati zikumwetulira iye adaonanso chisangalalo chake chidafupikitsidwa liti mkazi wake anamwalira mwadzidzidzi koyambirira kwa chaka cha 1893. Chochitika chomvetsa chisoni ichi chidamupangitsa kuti ayambenso kukonda mowa kale.

Zinali ndendende momwemo Anakakamizidwa kukwatiwa ndi Rosario Emelina Murillo. Kodi mukumukumbukira? Mtsikana wowonda, wamaso obiriwira yemwe adamupembedza ali wachinyamata. Sanachite bwino ndi Rubén, popeza adagwirizana ndi mchimwene wake kuti Rubén Darío amukwatire ataloza mfuti, pokhala ali ndi pakati kale ndi mwamuna wina. Adakwatirana pa Marichi 8, 1893.

Rubén Darío poyamba adasiya ntchito, koma sanavomereze kukhala ndi chinyengo chotere ndipo adathawa atakwanitsa ukwati wachinyengowo. Atafika ku Madrid komwe adakumana ndi mkazi wabwino, wotsika, Francisca Sanchez, mdzakazi wa ndakatulo Villaespesa, momwe adapezamo kukoma ndi ulemu. M'modzi mwa ndakatulo zake adamupatsa mawu ngati awa:

"Samalani ndi zowawa zomwe mumadziwa

ndikukweza kuti ukonde popanda kuzindikira ".

Ndi iye adapita ku Paris, atakhala zaka zingapo ku Buenos Aires. Paris ndi chiyambi chabe cha kuchuluka kwaulendo (Barcelona, ​​Mallorca, Italy, Nkhondo, England,…). Ndi munthawi imeneyi pomwe amalemba mabuku ake ofunika kwambiri: "Nyimbo za moyo ndi chiyembekezo" (1905), "Nyimbo yoyendayenda" (1907), "Ndakatulo yophukira" (1910) ndi "Golide wa Mallorca" (1913).

Mutha kuwona kusiyana pakati pa kulembedwa kwa mabuku omalizirawa, momwe nthabwala, kukopana, nthabwala ndi mzimu wachimwemwe zitha kupezeka, poyerekeza ndi zolemba zake zoyambirira zomwe zidali zowawa komanso zokhumudwitsa. Nachi chitsanzo kuchokera m'buku lake "Golide wa Mallorca":

"Amayi aku Majorcan amagwiritsa ntchito
siketi yoyera,
Mpango ndi kuluka
kumbuyo.
Izi, zomwe ndaziwona, ndikudutsa,
Kumene.
Ndipo iwo osavala samakwiya,
Za ichi".

Nthawi yobwerera

Mallorca unali ulendo womwe adachita zambiri chifukwa chathanzi lake kuposa chifukwa china chilichonse. Ngakhale chisamaliro chabwino chomwe mkazi wake wakale Francisca adamupatsa, wolemba ndakatuloyo sanathe kutuluka.
Sanakwaniritse zomwe amafuna kuyambira pachiyambi, zomwe zimafuna udindo wabwino womwe amafunafuna ndi khama kuyambira pachiyambi, potsogolera moyo wodzichepetsa. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi gawo lowopsa lomwe adakhala nalo Alexander Sawa, yemwe zaka zambiri m'mbuyomu adagwirapo ntchito yotsogolera ku Paris kuti adziwe madera ena amzindawu. Sawa anali munthu wosauka wokalamba wosawona bwino yemwe anali atadzipereka kwathunthu ku mabuku. Adafunsa Rubén ndalama zochepa za 400 pesetas kuti pamapeto pake aone zomwe lero ndi ntchito yake yofunika kwambiri yofalitsidwa, "Zounikira mumthunzi". Koma Rubén sanali pantchito yompatsa ndalamazo ndipo adanyalanyaza. Sawa adayamba kuchonderera mokwiya, mpaka adafuna kulipidwa chifukwa cha zomwe amamuchitira. Malinga ndi Sawa iyemwini, anali wolemba "wakuda" wazinthu zina zomwe zidatumizidwa mu 1905 mpaka La Nación zomwe zidasainidwa ndi Rubén Darío. Ngakhale zili choncho, a Rubén ndi omwe angakhale oyamba kwa bukuli lolembedwa ndi Alejandro Sawa, yemwe adamwalira kale atasindikizidwa.

Sangapeze ndalama zambiri koma ngati atapambana kuzindikira kwakukulu ndi ambiri olemba Chisipanishi amakono.

Mbiri ya Rubén Darío imatha mu 1916, atangobwerera kwawo ku Nicaragua, Rubén Darío anamwalira. Nkhaniyi inadzaza chisoni ndi gulu la anzeru olankhula Chisipanishi. Manuel Machado, wolemba ndakatulo waku Spain wolemba kwambiri wolemba Rubén, adadzipereka epitaph:

"Monga paulendo, m'bale,
Mulibe,
ndikudzazani ndi kusungulumwa komwe kukuyembekezerani
kubwerera kwanu ... kodi mubwera? Pomwe,
primavera
ikuphimba minda, kumasula
gwero
Masana, usiku ... Lero, dzulo ...
Zosamveka bwino
mochedwa, mu ngale,
nyimbo zako zikumveka.
Ndipo inu muli m'maganizo athu, ndi
mitima yathu,
mphekesera yomwe siyizimitsidwa, moto
sizimazimitsa.
Ndipo, ku Madrid, Paris, ku Roma,
ku Argentina
Akukudikirirani ... Paliponse pomwe zither yanu imafuna
divina
idagwedezeka, mwana wake wamwamuna amapulumuka, wodekha, wokoma,
wamphamvu…
Ku Managua kokha kuli a
ngodya yolimba
komwe adalemba dzanja lomwe lapha
kufikira imfa:
'Lowani, wapaulendo, Rubén Darío sali pano'. "

Ena mwa ndakatulo zake ...

Izi ndizo kusankha ndakatulo Wolemba Rubén Darío omwe tapanga kuti mudziwe zambiri za kayendedwe kake, mavesi ake:

campoamor

Uyu wokhala ndi imvi,
ngati ubweya wa nyemba,
adasonkhanitsa kuyankhula kwake kwachibwana
ndi zokumana nazo monga wokalamba;
mukachigwira m'manja mwanu
buku la munthu wotere,
Njuchi ndizofotokozera zonse
kuti, kuwuluka kuchokera pamapepala,
siya uchi pamilomo yako
ndipo imaluma mumtima.

Zachisoni, zachisoni kwambiri

Tsiku lina ndinali wachisoni, wokhumudwa kwambiri
akuwona madzi akugwa pa kasupe.

Unali usiku wokoma komanso waku Argentina. Analira
usiku. Usiku udapumira. Sobbed
usiku. Ndipo madzulo kuli katemera wake wofewa,
adachepetsa misozi ya wojambula wodabwitsa.

Ndipo wojambulayo anali ine, wosamvetsetseka ndikubuula,
zomwe zinasakaniza moyo wanga ndi ndege ya kasupe.

Usiku

Kukhala chete kwausiku, chete chete
usiku ... Chifukwa chiyani moyo umanjenjemera mwanjira imeneyi?
Ndikumva kung'ung'udza kwa magazi anga
Mkati mwa chigaza changa chimphepo chodutsa chimadutsa.
Kusowa tulo! Kulephera kugona, komabe
Kumveka. Khalani auto-chidutswa
za kugawanika kwauzimu, kudzipangira Hamlet!
Chepetsani chisoni changa
mu vinyo usiku
mu kristalo wodabwitsa wamdima ...
Ndipo ndimadziuza ndekha: Kodi m'bandakucha udzafika liti?
Khomo latseka ...
Wodutsa wadutsa ...
Wotchi yakhudza maola khumi ndi atatu ... Inde akhala Iye! ...

Zanga

Zanga: dzina lanu ndi limeneli.
Ndikulumikizananso bwanji?
Zanga: masana;
zanga: maluwa, malawi.

Ndi fungo lotani lomwe umatsanulira
mu moyo wanga
ndikadziwa kuti umandikonda!
O mai! O mai!

Kugonana kwanu kusungunuka
ndi kugonana kwanga kolimba,
kusungunula ma bronzes awiri.

Ndikumva chisoni, iwe wachisoni ...
Simuyenera kukhala pamenepo
zanga mpaka kufa?

Mndandanda wa mbiri ya Rubén Darío

Ndipo apa, chidule mwachidule cha zomwe zawonedwa mpaka pano za mbiri ya Rubén Darío:

• 1867: January 18: Rubén Darío adabadwira ku Metapa, Nicaragua.
• 1887: Sindikizani "Emelina ". Amalemba "Ma caltrops", "Otoñales", "Epic Song to the glories of Chile".
• 1888: Publica "Buluu" ndipo bambo ake amwalira.
• 1891: Ukwati wachipembedzo ndi Rafaela Contreras. Mwana wawo wamwamuna Rubén amabadwa.
• 1892: Ulendo wopita ku Spain wotumizidwa ndi boma la Nicaragua, pamwambo wa 4th Centennial of the Discovery of America.
• 1893: Rafaela Contreras amwalira. Iye anakwatira Rosario Emelina Murillo.
• 1896: Publica "Zosowa" y "Pulogalamu yoyipa".
• 1898: Anapita ku Madrid ngati mtolankhani wa La Nación.
• 1900: Nation amutumiza ku Paris. Wokondedwa wake Francisca Sánchez amatsagana naye.
• 1905: Publica "Nyimbo za moyo ndi chiyembekezo".
• 1913: Kuchokera ku Paris kupita ku Valldemosa, ku Mallorca: "Golide wa Mallorca" (ntchito yofalitsidwa).
• 1916: Adamwalira ku León, Nicaragua.

Nkhani yowonjezera:

"Nyimbo za moyo ndi chiyembekezo", ntchito yayikulu yachitatu yolembedwa ndi Rubén Darío