mita ya ndakatulo

Kuti mumvetsetse ndakatulo muyenera kudziwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimayipeka. Ndakatulo ndi luso ndipo zimatsatira malamulo angapo omwe ndakatulo amawadziwa bwino komanso wowerenga bwino ndakatulo amafuna kudziwa zambiri.. N’zoona kuti m’zaka makumi angapo zapitazi malamulo amene mtundu wa zolembedwazi watsatira nthaŵi zonse akhala osinthasintha. Koma malamulowa ayenera kumveka poyamba kuti asankhe mtundu wa ndakatulo womwe mukufuna kupanga, kapenanso kusangalala ndi kuwerenga.

Metric ya ndakatulo imapangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe nthawi ina tonse timaphunzira kusukulu; ndi kuti timakumbukirabe lero ndi kupambana kapena kucheperapo ndi kuya. M'nkhaniyi tisonkhanitsa malamulo akuluakulu mu metric ya ndakatulo.

Mfundo zoyamba: vesi, stanza ndi ndakatulo

Mavesiwa ndi mzere uliwonse zomwe zimapanga gulu la ndakatulo komanso zomwe zimatengera muyeso.

Stanza, ikutero Royal Spanish Academy yomwe ndi "gawo lililonse opangidwa ndi chiwerengero chofanana cha mavesi ndi kulinganizidwa mofanana ndi nyimbo zina zandakatulo.

Ndakatulo, ndiye, ndi dongosolo lonse. Ikhoza kukhala ndi utali wosiyanasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mavesi ndi mtundu wa vesi limene lalembedwamo.

Metric imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti athe kuyeza ndakatulo, ndipo mavesi ake ndi ma stanza ake amayesedwa. Zimathandiza kupanga zolemba zandakatulo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira kudziwa metric ngati zomwe tikufuna ndikulemba ndakatulo kapena kusanthula. Metric ili ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimayesa ma vesi ndi ma stanza: mawu omwe vesi ili nawo nthawi zambiri amatha kukhala a consonant kapena assonant, a luso lapamwamba kapena laling'ono malinga ndi chiwerengero cha masilabulo, omwe pali mawonekedwe a muyeso.

nyimbo zotsatizana ndi makonsonanti

Nyimbo ya consonant ndi imodzi yomwe mawu omaliza amamveka motsatira, ndiko kuti, zimagwirizana ndi mawu a consonant ndi mavawelo. Chitsanzo:

[…] thupi lanu lidzachoka, osati chisamaliro chanuwachinyamata;

Adzakhala phulusa, koma zidzakhala zomveka;

adzakhala fumbi, fumbi lochuluka mu chikondiwachinyamata".

Nyimbo ya assonance imangovomereza mavawelo. Chitsanzo:

Palibe zolemba alguna,

komwe kuli kuiwalika,

padzakhala t wangaumba.

Mavesi azojambula zazing'ono ndi zaluso zazikulu

mavesi ang'onoang'ono aluso

Ndime zomwe zimakhala ndi masilabulo asanu ndi atatu. Chilankhulo cha Chisipanishi, chifukwa cha kamvekedwe kake komanso kamvekedwe kake, kali ndi masilabi asanu ndi atatu monga vesi par excellence. Zojambula zazing'ono zimagawidwa kukhala:

• 2 syllables: bisílabo.
• 3 syllables: trisyllable.
• 4 syllables: tetrasyllable.
• 5 silabo: pentasílabo
• 6 syllables hexasílabo.
• 7 syllables: heptasílabo
• 8 syllables: octosyllable.

mavesi akuluakulu

Spa mavesi amene ali ndi masilabo oposa asanu ndi atatu. Pazaluso zapamwamba m'Chisipanishi, vesi la hendecasyllabic limawonekera (komanso chifukwa cha chikoka cha ku Italy) lomwe nthawi zambiri limaphatikizidwa ndi mavesi ena ang'onoang'ono aluso m'ndakatulo. Mavesi akuluakulu a Art ndi awa:

• 9 syllables: eneasílabo.
• 10 syllables: decasyllable.
• 11 syllables: hendecasyllable.
• 12 syllables: dodecasyllable.
• 13 syllables: tridecasílabo.
• 14 syllables: Alexandria.

Mawu osavuta komanso osavuta

Mawu omveka bwino ali mu Spanish ochuluka kwambiri. M’nkhani yandakatulo sawonjezera kapena kuchotsa liwu losavuta lomaliza la vesi. Chitsanzo:

"Mawu omaliza [ma syllables 11] angatseke maso anga." "Pos-tré-ra" ndi liwu lathyathyathya lomwe silimawonjezera syllable ku ndakatulo.

M'malo mwake, ndakatulo zomwe mavesi ake amathera ndi mawu aukali kapena esdrújula amasintha chiwerengero cha masilabi.. Palabras agudas kuwonjezera syllable imodzi ndi esdrújulas kuchotsa imodzi m'malo.

Chitsanzo cha mawu akuthwa: "Amuna opusa omwe amatsutsa [7+1 = 8] / akazi popanda chifukwa [7+1 = 8]".

Chitsanzo cha esdrújula mawu: «Ndikukumbukira kuti pali dziko ndi kuti pali misozi [12-1=11]».

zilolezo za metric

sinalefa

Zimachitika kuti m’vesi liwu likhoza kutha ndi mavawelo ndi lotsatiranso. Pamenepa, chizindikiro chimapangidwa, ndiko kuti, mavawelo omalizira ndi oyamba amalumikizana, n’kupanga silabo imodzi. Chitsanzo: tsambaamphepo (tsamba kumphepo).

uma

Diaeresis ikuwonekera kwambiri chifukwa wolemba amayiyika mwadala, ndiko kuti, zimayambitsa mavawelo awiri omwe ayenera kupita pamodzi kuti apatuke kukhala masilabu awiri. Ndiko kudula kwa diphthong. Mwanjira iyi, komanso monganso zimachitikira ndi malayisensi ena onse, ndakatuloyo amakwaniritsa zomwe akufuna. Chitsanzo: Patatu-Kutchuka-fo.

syneresis

Ndizosiyana ndi diaeresis. Syneresis amaphatikiza mavawelo awiri omwe amafunikira kulekanitsidwa chifukwa samapanga diphthong mwachibadwa. Chitsanzo :peor/poeinde.

Hiatus

Kupumulako kumasonyeza kusiyana kwa sinalefa. Mavawelo awiri omwe amayenera kulumikizana (mavawelo omaliza ndi mavawelo otsata mawu) samatero. Chitsanzo: taganizanindi + en.

Mitundu yayikulu ya ma stanza

Chotsatira nkhani mudzapeza mitundu ikuluikulu ya ma stanza: couplet, tercet, soleá, quartet, redondilla, serpentesio, quatrain, copla, seguidilla, cuaderna vía, limerick, quintet, lyre, sextet, sextilla, phazi losweka, lachisanu ndi chitatu, lakhumi kapena spinel, sonnet, chikondi, silva.

Kusanthula kwa "Chikondi Chokhazikika, kupitirira imfa"

Kenako tisanthula ndakatulo ya Francisco de Quevedo. Ndi sonnet, iyi ndi mawonekedwe a strophic ogawidwa mu ma quatrains awiri ndi ma triplets awiri, okhala ndi nyimbo za consonant.. Mwanjira imeneyi tidzathanso kusonyeza mmene tingasonyezere chiwerengero cha masilabi mu ndime, kamvekedwe ka mawu ndi kalembedwe ka stanza. Ndiye mukhoza kufufuza zilembo zazikulu zomwe zimagwirizana ndi hendecasyllables, ndiko kuti, arte meya (ngati pangakhale zilembo zazing'ono tikadakumana ndi mavesi ang'onoang'ono). Momwemonso, mukuwonanso momwe nyimbozo zimaphatikizidwira komanso momwe ma stanza amapangidwira. Mwachitsanzo, ndakatulo iyi ili ndi mawonekedwe a metrical awa: ABBA ABBA CDC DCD.

Maso anga atseke komaliza [A]

mthunzi umene tsiku loyera lidzanditenga, [B]

ndipo mudzatha kumasula moyo wanga [B]

nthawi yoti akwaniritse cholinga chake chodetsa nkhawa; [A]

koma osati, mbali inayo, pamphepete mwa nyanja, [A]

idzasiya kukumbukira, komwe idawotcha: [B]

kusambira kumadziwa madzi ozizira amoto wanga, [B]

ndi kutaya ulemu pa lamulo lokhwima. [A]

Moyo womwe mulungu wandende wakhala ali, [C]

mitsempha yomwe nthabwala zamoto wapereka, [D]

mafuta omwe adawotcha mwaulemerero, [C]

thupi lanu lidzachoka, osati chisamaliro chanu; [D]

adzakhala phulusa, koma zidzamveka; [C]

Adzakhala fumbi, fumbi lochuluka mu chikondi. [D]