ʻO Benito Pérez Galdós, kahi lunamakaʻāinana kiʻekiʻe loa o Spanish Realism

ʻO Benito Pérez Galdós, me Leopoldo Alas «Clarín», nā lunamakaʻāinana kiʻekiʻe loa o ka Realism Sepania. Eia nō naʻe, i kēia lā nānā mākou i ka lua, a mākou e kūkākūkā ai ma kahi ʻatikala ʻē aʻe i ka manawa koke, a kau mākou ma luna o nā mea āpau i ka hana o ka mea mua, ʻo Galdós.

ʻO Benito Pérez Galdós a me kāna puke moʻolelo

I kā Galdós hana, kū nui kāna hana novelistic nui, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai nā hui like ʻole:

• ka Nā Episodes Aupuni Hoʻokomo lākou i kahi o 46 mau moʻolelo e hōʻike i ka mōʻaukala o Sepania mai ke kaua o Trafalgar i ka hoʻihoʻi aliʻi. ʻO kāna poʻo inoa koʻikoʻi loa i loko o kēia National Episodes "Trafalgar", "Bailen" y "Saragossa".
• I nā puke mele mua a Galdós, kēia hōʻike ākea i kona kūlana holomua: ʻO nā hāmeʻe e hōʻike ana i nā manaʻo holomua e kū maʻamau i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe conservative, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻomanawanui a me ka intransigence. Hana e like me "Lei Hemolele" (1876), "Hanohano" (1877) a "ʻO ka ʻohana Leon Roch" (1878). ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau puke e pili ana «Nā puke kākau moʻolelo»I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, aia nā ʻike i hōʻike ʻia ma kahi lawelawe o kahi manaʻo a ʻaʻole hōʻike nā ʻano i ka ʻano paʻakikī o nā pae hope.
• Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē, ʻo Galdós, i ka piha mākau moʻokalaleo, kākau i nā puke Paniolo o kēia au. I ia mau mea, koho no a ʻoi aku ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe a haʻalele i kahi hoʻokalakupua maopopo loa. I loko o kēia mau puke ʻike ʻia ka mana kūlohelohe, akā ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokumu ʻia i kēia neʻe me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i nā hana maʻamau o naturalism. ʻO Madrid ke kūlanakauhale maʻamau i koho ʻia e nā mea kākau no kēia mau puke: «Tormento» (1884), "La de Bringas" (1884), "Meow" (1888) a «Fortunata a me Jacinta» (1887).

• Mai 1889, ka ka hana hope loa a ka mea kākau. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia e ka ʻuhane o kāna mau hana, ʻoiai ʻo Galdós e kau nei i ke kanaka a me ke ʻano o kona ola. I kēia wā, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia me nā hana haʻi moʻolelo hou a hoʻokomo i nā mea e like me nā moemoeā, ka hōʻailona a i ʻole ka mea kupanaha. Nā moʻolelo e like me "ʻOiaʻiʻo" (1889), «Malaika Guerra» (1891), "Tristana" (1892), "Nazarin" (1895) a i ʻole "Aloha" (1897).

Nā manaʻo a me ke kumuhana o kāna hana

Aia kekahi mau manaʻo a me nā poʻomanaʻo i hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ʻo "Galdosian":

1. La hoʻohewa kaiāulu. Manaʻo ʻo Galdós i ka mahalo nui i nā papa hemahema, e like me ka poʻe ʻaihue, nā mea maʻi a me nā mea ʻoʻopa, i ka manawa like e hōʻike ai ʻo ia i kahi kaʻawale i ka poʻe i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻole i kēia mau manawa, e like me nā kāhuna pule, nā mea hanohano a me nā poʻe palaualelo. ʻO ka papa kaiaulu e hōʻino nui i kāna hana ka bourgeoisie.
2. La política, ka mea i hoʻopiʻi ʻia mai ka kuanaʻike o kēia manawa. Aia kekahi mau hana i nā anamanaʻo kūleʻa loa o kēia manawa a me ka wā i hala o ko lākou mea kākau. I kēia mau mea ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻuhane liberal, repubalika a me ka nohona kaiāulu i alakaʻi i ka ulu ʻana o kāna mau manaʻo. Holomua ʻo Galdós i kahi ʻike pessimistic o ka Mōʻaukala, keu hoʻi i kona wā ʻelemakule, kahi e alakaʻi ai iā ia e noʻonoʻo i ka hopena pōʻino o ka ʻāina ma ke ʻano he mea i hoʻokumu nui ʻia ma Sepania.
3. La hoʻomana. Kūʻē ʻo ia i ka mana o ke kahunapule, ʻoiai hōʻike ʻo ia i ke aloha no ke kahuna pule ʻeuanelio.

ʻO ke kaila kūpono ʻo Galdós

Hoʻokumu ʻo Galdós i kāna mau hana i kahi ao kolohe i kūʻiʻo i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻO ke kaiāulu o kēia manawa, ʻo ia ke kumu o ka hoʻoulu. Pela, i kana haiolelo komo i ka Aliʻi ʻAmelika, i kapa inoa nui ʻia "E hōʻike i ke kaiāulu ma ke ʻano he kumuhana novel", ʻōlelo ʻia:

«ʻO ke kiʻi o ke ola ka Novel, a ʻo ka hana o ka haku ʻana ia mea i ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā huapalapala kanaka, nā kuko, nāwaliwali, nā mea nui a me nā mea liʻiliʻi, nā ʻuhane a me nā physiognomies, nā mea ʻuhane a me nā kino āpau e pili ana iā mākou a me mākou e hoʻopuni ana, a me ka ʻōlelo, ʻo ia ka hōʻailona o ka lāhui, a me nā hale, ka hōʻailona o ka ʻohana, a me ka lole, ka mea e hoʻolālā ai i nā hiʻohiʻona hope loa o ke ʻano: ʻo kēia mau mea me ka poina ʻole he pono ke kaulike ma waena o ka pololei a me ka nani o ka hana hou. 

ʻO nā kamaʻilio a me ka hoʻomākeʻaka kekahi ʻano nui o ke kaila o Galdós.

Inā makemake ʻoe i ka moʻolelo realist-style, i ka lā ʻapōpō e hoʻomau mākou e komo i loko, a e kālailai pū ana hoʻi i ka mea kākau hōkū ʻē aʻe o kēia neʻe Leopoldo Alas "Clarin".