umlando wobuciko (UPhaidon, 2008) ngu-Ernst H. Gombrich ngokungangabazeki umsebenzi ohamba phambili. Kusukela yashicilelwa okokuqala ngo-1950, isibe yisilinganiso semikhakha yezobuciko efana nokudweba, ukubaza noma ukwakha. Iqoqo lolwazi kuwo wonke amakhulu eminyaka kanye nencwadi eyireferensi ebalulekile yabantu abafunda umlando wobuciko noma ezobuciko obuhle ngenxa yendlela yayo efinyelelekayo nejabulisayo.
Le ncwadi iphawuleka ngeminikelo eyenzile, kodwa nangendlela edlulisa ngayo ukuthuthukiswa kobuciko ekhulwini ngalinye. Nakuba abanye begxekwa ngokuba nomlingiswa othile olandisayo, iqiniso liwukuthi naye, isazi-mlando yayazi indlela yokuhlanganisa ukunyakaza kobuciko kusuka ku-Prehistory kuya engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-XNUMX ngendlela efanele zonke izethameli. Lena yindlela uGombrich asitshele ngayo indaba evela emlandweni wobuciko.
Umlando wobuciko: indlela uGombrich asitshele ngayo indaba
Indaba yobuciko yawo wonke umuntu
umlando wobuciko I-de Gombrich iyimanuwali eshicilelwe kabanzi edume kakhulu phakathi kwama-neophyte nabafundi.. Kodwa-ke, iphinde ihehe futhi ibe ngumngane wamaqembu anolwazi kakhulu kwezobuciko. Kunoma yikuphi, kungabhekwa njengomsebenzi wokuqalisa, ngoba kuyinhlanganisela yezigaba zobuciko ezibaluleke kakhulu zesikhathi sonke. Umsebenzi ongase ube mkhulu noma ungaqondakali uma ungazi ukuthi ungawenza kanjani ngokucophelela okuguquguqukayo nokuhambisana.
Ngokusobala, umlando wobuciko Akuyona indaba elandisayo kanjalo, kodwa su isitayela sikunikeza ukucaca kanye nemvelo eyenza kube lula ukuyiqonda. UGombrich uyisifundiswa esazi ukudlulisa uthando lwakhe lobuciko kuzo zonke izizukulwane. Lokho kuye kwayenza yaba incwadi ekhetheke kakhulu, efunwa kakhulu futhi ebalulekile ngale ndaba. Akungabazeki ukuthi uGombrich usekhulumile ngomlando wobuciko njenganoma ubani omunye. Futhi ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi ayisikhombisa iseyincwadi ethandwa kakhulu ngale ndaba. Ngakho-ke, Ngaphezu kokwenza indlela yolwazi nokufunda, kuwukufunda ukuthokozela okuphelele. Yingakho iqhathaniswa nendaba exoxwayo, osekwenze yagxekwa. Kodwa akumelwe sikhohlwe ukuthi lo msebenzi uyincazelo yokuqala (futhi ekhangayo) eqhubeka nokukhethwa emashumini eminyaka amaningi ngemva kokushicilelwa kwayo kokuqala.
Umlando noma umlando?
umlando wobuciko Ihunyushelwe ezilimini ezihlukene ngokusatshalaliswa komhlaba wonke okuyenze yaba enye yezincwadi zobuciko ezithengiswa kakhulu. Sesiphawulile ngesinye sezizathu: iwumbhalo ogcwele ulwazi olufundeka kalula. thina impela, okugqamayo emsebenzini kaGombrich yisizinda sokuxhumana sombhali, kanye nesimo sokulandisa sombhalo.. Akukhawulelwe ekuchazeni umlando wobuciko noma ukuqoqa idatha nokunyakaza okusiholela ekukhathaleni.
U-Gombrich utshela izici zemisebenzi, ukhuluma ngabalobi kumongo wabo, uchaza ukuguqulwa kobuciko, ubonisa ukuthi wazi kangakanani ngale ndaba futhi wazi ukuthi angadiliza kanjani lonke lolo lwazi. Ngakho Umlando wobuciko ongavamile, oweqa umsebenzi wawo, futhi obonakala ungalahlekelwa ukuqina noma ukukhanga kwawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.. Ikhono lika-Gombrich kanye nomdlandla womsebenzi wakhe kwenza le ncwadi ibe enye yezindaba ezinhle kakhulu emlandweni wobuciko. Ukhetha ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umbono wokubalulekile aphinde asebenzise ama-anecdotes futhi uyakwazi ukuhlobanisa imiqondo ethile kwabanye ngendlela emangalisayo.
Iziphetho
umlando wobuciko I-de Gombrich ingenye yezincwadi ezithengiswa kakhulu futhi okuxoxwe ngazo ezifundweni zomlando zemikhakha yezobuciko. Kodwa kungaphezu kwalokho, ngoba umbhali akachazi, uxoxa indaba bese ekhetha okubalulekile, ngesikhathi esifanayo asungula ubudlelwano. ukuthi umuntu onjengaye kuphela ozokwazi ukukufeza. Liyincwadi ehlangene kahle kakhulu, nakuba ibeka phambili ukudweba ngaphezu kwezinye izethulo zobuciko. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzi uphakamisa ukwakheka kwezimo zemibhalo nababhali bazo, okugqamisa umsebenzi olandisayo nochazayo wombhalo.. Isiqephu somlando esithandekayo. UGombrich ubonisa ukuthi ngaphezu kokuba isazi-mlando, ungumbhali ovelele.
Sobre el autor
U-Ernst Gombrich wayengumlando waseBrithani owazalelwa eVienna ngo-1909.. Ngo-1936, ngenxa yethonya lamaNazi, waya eLondon futhi wayengumqondisi we-Warburg Institute eLondon kwaze kwaba ngu-1976. Wayebuye abe nguprofesa eNyuvesi yaseLondon., okuhlanganisa i-Oxford neCambridge ehlonishwayo. Futhi phakathi nomsebenzi wakhe wokufundisa wafundisa amakilasi kwezinye izinhloko-dolobha zaseYurophu nase-United States.
UGombrich wayevelele emlandweni wobuciko. Izwe elamamukela limhloniphe ngesiqu esithi Sir kanye ne-Order of Merit of the British Empire. Uthole nefayela le- goethe umklomelo evela eJalimane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayeyilungu lezikole ezihlonishwayo, phakathi kwazo iRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences, iBritish Academy noma i-American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Washona eneminyaka engu-92 eLondon ngo-2001..