Umbusi waseRoma
Umbusi waseRoma liyincwadi yomlando wakudala eyabhalwa isifundiswa saseNgilandi, uprofesa, umhleli kanye nomlobi uMary Beard, “umgadli owaziwa kakhulu waseBrithani.” Umsebenzi ophathelene nalokhu kubuyekezwa washicilelwa ngeSpanishi ngo-2023 nguSilvia Furió kanye nendlu yokushicilela yaseCrítica. Umbhalo uvela njengokuqhubeka kwe SPQR. Umlando weRoma lasendulo, lapho i- popularizer ingena khona kule mpucuko ethokozisayo.
Ukukhuluma ngalokho iRoma eyayiyikho phakathi nenkathi yasendulo kudinga ukucwaninga okunzima ngendawo yayo, abantu bayo kanye, ngaphezu kwakho konke, izimiso zayo zezombangazwe.. Ukuze uqonde ngokucace kakhudlwana ukuthi iDolobha Laphakade laba kanjani lokho elaliyikho, kuyadingeka ukuhlaziya ngokujulile ababusi balo kanye nendlela ababeziphatha ngayo ngokobufakazi obukhona kanye nemibhalo.
Amazwibela we Umbusi waseRoma
Obani ababengababusi bamaRoma
Ingabe kwakumane nje kuyintsha enobudlova neyonakele eyayingakwazi ukuveza imizwa yayo? Noma ingabe babeshiseka ngokweqile ngokulawula ababekunikezwa lapho bethola izikhundla ezinjalo? Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokwazi ngokutadisha, kodwa hhayi nje eyodwa ehilela ukufunda umlando wasendulo., kodwa kulowo ophuma esandleni somuntu ozinikele ukuphila kwakhe konke ekucwileni iRoma yakudala, nokuthi uyiqonda ngokugcwele.
UMary Beard ukhuluma ngesihloko sababusi baseRoma ngokuchaza isikhundla ngokwaso: izibopho zabo, lokho okwakudingeka bakufunde ukuze bazivocavoca, imithetho yokulandelana, phakathi kolunye ulwazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Umbhali ukhuluma ngombusi njengomuntu, futhi nangamagama abaluleke kakhulu avela phakathi nalesi sikhathi, njengoJulius Caesar, u-Alexander Severus, uCaligula, isazi sefilosofi uMarcus Aurelius noNero.
Yini umbusi?
Igama elithi "Emperor" livela egameni lesiLatini umbusi —okungahunyushwa ngokuthi “umkhuzi”—. Kuyisikhundla esiphakeme kakhulu sezombangazwe esasinganikezwa umuntu ngesikhathi saseRoma lasendulo.. Njengomthetho ojwayelekile, lena kwakuyindlela abanqobi bezempi ezimpini ababeqanjwe ngayo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lesi sicoco sabekwa naku-Augustus nabo bonke abamlandelayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laba bamuva babenqobile emiqhudelwaneni noma cha.
Indlela yokuzijabulisa yomlando wakudala
Umlando akuvamile ufundwe ngentshiseko njengoba kungenzeka ukwenza kanjalo noMary Beard., njengoba umlobi waseBrithani ehlanganisa izenzakalo zaseRoma lasendulo ukuze kufinyeleleke kumuntu ovamile, okuyinto engeyona inqaba, uma kubhekwa ulwazi analo ngale ndaba.
Okokuqala, Umbusi waseRoma inikeza ukulandelana kwezikhathi ngaphandle kwezinkambiso zomlando. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpilo zamakhosi kusondela ngokombono womuntu.
Mary Intshebe idala ukulingana phakathi kokufundisa nokuzijabulisa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yinoma yisiphi isici. Futhi kungani kungenjalo? Ngakho-ke, umbhali uthatha uhambo olujulile olubheke ezihlokweni ezifana nezimfuneko ezintathu umbusi okufanele ahlangabezane nazo. UBeard uzichaza ngokuthi: “… kumele anqobe, kumele abe ngumzuzi futhi kumele axhase ukwakhiwa okusha noma abuyisele lezo eseziwohlokile.”
Isakhiwo somsebenzi
Umbusi waseRoma ihlukaniswe yaba izahluko eziyishumi. Umbhalo uqala ngesipiliyoni sikaJulius Caesar, owabulawa ngo-44 BC. C., kanye nokubusa komshana wakhe u-Augustus, kamuva owaba inkosi yokuqala esemthethweni yedolobha. Kusukela lapho, Umbhali uhlaziya ngokujulile inkathi eqhubeka kuze kube cishe eminyakeni engamakhulu amathathu kamuva, kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lokuqala BC. C. kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD. c.
Lesi sikhathi sihlanganisa igunya lababusi abangamashumi amathathu. Izahluko eziyishumi zencwadi zandulelwa yisandulela lapho umbhali ethatha isibalo sika-Elagabalus ophikisanayo njengomlingiswa wakhe oyinhloko. Kusuka kuye, UMary Beard uqhubeka nokudiliza zonke izinhlobo ze-archetypes zombusi, njengokuthi "i-bureaucrat ekhuthele nesisebenzi” kanye nenkululeko eyingozi.
Ukuguqulwa kweRoma
Ekugcineni, le ncwadi iphetha nge-epilogue njengebhalansi, egqamisa ukuhlobana kweRoma yakudala kanye nokuwa kwayo ezandleni zesonto lokuqala lamaKhatholika. Emqulwini wakhe, umbhali unikeza ukuphawula okukude nokuhlaziya njengalawo ka-Edward Gibbon. Ngokwesibonelo: Uthi amandla ombusi awazange anciphe lapho kufika ubuKristu., kodwa yanda ngenxa yale nkolo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso, yiqiniso, kuphela uma sikhuluma ngenkosi engumKristu.
Umehluko wangempela phakathi kwazo zombili izinhlobo zohulumeni kwakuyizixhumanisi zenkolo. AmaGreki asendulo ayevikela onkulunkulu bawo bama-Olympian, kuyilapho amaKristu obu-Orthodox ayekhulekela umfanekiso kaJesu Kristu. Ngokusho kombhali, ukubusa kwentando yeningi ngokuvamile okuhlotshaniswa neRoma kungamanga, isithunzi, isibuko esihlanekezelayo.”
Mayelana nombhali, uWinifred Mary Beard
UWinifred Mary Beard wazalwa ngo-1955, e-Much Wenlock, e-United Kingdom. Umbhali ufunde esikoleni samabanga aphezulu eShrewsbury High School, isikole okuhlalwa kuso samantombazane. Lapho kufika ihlobo, wayevame ukuhlanganyela ekuvubukuleni ukuze azitholele imali yakhe. Ngaphambi kokuqala isigaba sakho sasenyuvesi Wacabanga ukufunda eKing's College, wakubeka eceleni ngoba leso sikole samukela izinsizwa kuphela..
Leli qiniso laphawula izikhundla zakhe kamuva zabesifazane cishe ngendlela efanayo neNewnham College, inyuvesi agcina ebhalise kuyo. Naphezu kwemvelo yowesifazane yezakhiwo zayo, uMary UBeard wabona ukuthi abaphathi besilisa besikole baqhubeka nokunciphisa imizamo yabesifazane., ngakho wazikhuthaza ukuba afunde kanzima ngokuphindwe kabili ukuze ehlise leyo mibono.
Ekugcineni, Wayekhethekile ezifundweni zakudala, futhi wazinikela ekufundeni, ngaphezu kwamakilasi okufundisa emanyuvesi aseCambridge., omunye waseNewnham College kanye neRoyal Academy of Arts, lapho evelele khona ngezinkulumo zakhe, ama-eseyi akhe nezincwadi zakhe ezithengiswa kakhulu.
Ezinye izincwadi zikaMary Beard
- I-Rome eRiphabhulikhi Yasemuva (1985);
- Incwadi Yomama Osebenza Kahle (1989);
- Abapristi Bamaqaba: Inkolo namandla Emhlabeni Wasendulo (1990);
- Ezakudala: Isingeniso Esifushane Kakhulu (1995);
- Izinkolo ZaseRoma (1998);
- Ukusungulwa kukaJane Harrison (2000);
- Ubuciko be-Classical obusuka eGrisi ukuya eRoma (2001);
- I-Parthenon (2002);
- I-Colosseum (2005);
- Ukunqoba KwamaRoma (2007);
- I-Pompeii: Ukuphila Kwedolobha LaseRoma (2008);
- Ukubhekana Nezakudala: Amasiko, Izigigaba kanye Nezintsha (2013);
- Ukuhleka ERoma Lasendulo: Ekuncokoleni, Ukukitaza, kanye Nokweqa (2014);
- I-SPQR: Umlando WeRoma Yasendulo (2016).