SPQR. Ngiqinisekile uyazibuza ukuthi izoba khona kanjani incwadi ebizwa kanjalo. Futhi kuyoba mayelana nani? Yebo, iqiniso liwukuthi likhona. Futhi mhlawumbe yingakho umbhali enqume ukuba nombhalo ongezansi cishe akekho owukhumbulayo: “Umlando WeRoma Lasendulo.”
Kodwa imayelana nani le ncwadi? Uma ungumuntu othanda iRoma futhi ufunda kabanzi ngomlando wayo, bheka lesi sihloko esikutshela kuso ngezinto ezibalulekile ngayo. Siqale?
Ubani obhale i-SPQR
Umthombo: Efeminista
Umbhali esimkweleta incwadi ethi SPQR akekho omunye ngaphandle kukaMary Beard. Ungumfundi wesiNgisi futhi amakhono akhe yizifundo zasendulo.
Uhlanganisa indima yakhe njengombhali nekaprofesa eNyuvesi yaseCambridge, uzakwabo (oyilungu lenhlangano yezemfundo) eNewnham College kanye noprofesa wezincwadi zasendulo eRoyal Academy of Arts.
Kusukela esemncane ubengumfundi oshisekayo futhi ubelokhu ebona umsebenzi wakhe njengendlela yokukhombisa ukuthi abantu besifazane banekhono noma benekhono kunabesilisa emandleni abo ezifundweni.
I-SPQR akuwona umsebenzi wokuqala walo mbhali. Eqinisweni, waqala ukunyathelisa ngo-1985 (futhi wabuyekezwa ngo-1999), encwadini ekhuluma ngeRoma ayibhala kanye noMichael Crawford (owayeyisazi-mlando saseCambridge). Akuzona zonke izincwadi zakhe ezinezinguqulo zesiSpanishi, kodwa ungathola okungenani ingxenye yeshumi nambili (kuhlanganise neyokugcina ayishicilele ngo-2016).
Isho ukuthini i-SPQR?
Amabhuku ambalwa azifaka engozini ngesihloko esihlanganisa ama-akhronimi. Futhi kunzima ngabaningi ukwazi kahle ukuthi lezi zisho ukuthini. Ngakho-ke, i-SPQR iyinto ehlobene kakhulu neRoma, kodwa abalandeli beqiniso kuphela balesi siko bazoqonda.
I-SPQR ivela kumagama e-Senatus Populusque Romanus. Futhi babemele amandla amakhulu eRoma. Empeleni, emandleni aphakeme kakhulu: ngakolunye uhlangothi, iSenethi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu.
Lezi zinhlamvu zokuqala zazivela ezakhiweni eziningi zaseRoma, kanye nezinhlamvu zemali noma imibhalo.
Imayelana nani le ncwadi?
Njengesifinyezo, singakutshela lokho I-SPQR iwucwaningo lomlando ngokuyisisekelo. Umbhali uqoqe emakhasini alo umbono ojwayelekile wokuthi umlando weRoma wawunjani kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kufike onyakeni ka 212 AD. Ngalolo suku, uMbusi uCaracalla wenza isinqumo sokunikeza ubuzwe baseRoma kubo bonke abakhululekile boMbuso WaseRoma.
Ngaphandle komlando, umbhali usitshela nangempilo yansuku zonke, ipolitiki, amasiko kanye nomphakathi waseRoma, kanye nezinguquko ezenzeka eminyakeni edlule.
Izahluko zokuqala zale ncwadi zigxile kakhulu ezinganekwaneni nasezinganekwaneni ngeRoma. Ziyisisekelo umlobi asisebenzisayo ukuze athuthuke phakathi neminyaka, egxile ngaphezu kwakho konke eRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma (lapho anda kakhulu), ukushintshela ebukhosini, uMbuso WamaRoma futhi, ekugcineni, umyalo ophawula inguquko.
Sekukonke, inamakhasi angama-608 kuhlelo olunoqwembe oluqinile. Kodwa lokhu kungase kuhluke uma ifomethi yekhava ishintshwa (iphakethe noma ikhava ethambile).
Sikushiyela amazwibela:
«Umlando waseRoma awukaze utshelwe ngale ndlela ekhangayo.
UMary Beard, mhlawumbe isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke samanje ezifundweni zakudala, usinikeza umbono omusha womlando weRoma Lasendulo.
Njengoba isiphetho seminyaka engamashumi amahlanu yocwaningo nokucwaninga ngeRoma lasendulo, uMary Beard, uprofesa eNyuvesi yaseCambridge, usinikeza umbono ohlakaniphile womlando wayo: indaba asitshela yona, “emva kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili, isekhona. isisekelo samasiko ethu nepolitiki yethu, sendlela esiwubuka ngayo umhlaba nendawo yethu kuwo.'
Uchwepheshe ofana noPeter Heather, uprofesa eKing's College, uveza ukuthi uBeard uyaphumelela emsebenzini wokuvelela "wokusinika impendulo ehlangene embuzweni wokuthi kungani iRoma yanda ngendlela emangalisa kangaka." Akukho okungaba kude, nokho, ekuhlanganiseni okujwayelekile kwezemfundo.
Ezibuyekezweni eziningi ezibucayi zaleli bhuku izichasiso "ezinhle kakhulu" kanye "nokuzijabulisa" zivela zihlotshaniswa. U-Catherine Edwards, isibonelo, usitshela ukuthi "ukuhlaziywa kwezikhungo nezakhiwo kuhlala kugqwayiza kulawa makhasi ngeziqephu ezijabulisayo."
Kubaluleke?
Ukukunikeza umbono wokuthi incwadi ikufanele yini noma cha kuyindida. Kuzoba khona abantu abazowuthanda lo msebenzi. Ngenkathi abanye bazokuthola kuyisicefe.
Imibono ngale ncwadi ihluke kakhulu. Abaningi batusa ikhono lombhali lokuxoxa ngezenzakalo zomlando nokwenza zijabulise futhi zijabulise. Kodwa-ke, abanye bagxeka kakhulu futhi baxwayisa ngokuthi abawona amaqiniso omlando ngempela, kodwa kunalokho banikeza idatha yamaphutha noma imibono abangayicabangi ngempela ngenxa yezinye izifundo nokuhlaziywa komphakathi waseRoma.
Uyifundile i-SPQR. Umlando weRoma lasendulo? Ucabangani ngaye? Uma ungakayifundi okwamanje futhi unentshisekelo ngezwe laseRoma, kungaba ukufundwa okufundisayo kakhulu ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokuthi babenjani ngazo zonke izindlela.