Iminyakazo Yezincwadi

Kuwo wonke umlando, kusungulwe iminyakazo eyahlukene yezincwadi emhlabeni wezincwadi. Ngamunye ngomzuzu wawo, ukuhlanganisa ukuseshwa nezifiso zesintu. Kanye nokwesaba kwakho okujulile nokwesaba. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ubuciko buhlale busebenza njengokukhombisa iqiniso.

Ukunyakaza okuningi kuyazenyeza. Banemibhalo yokusungula kanye nama-manifesto anikeza i-akhawunti yezisusa, izinhloso nezidingo. Ezimweni eziningi, isihloko siphendula ekubuyekezweni komlando okungabandakanyi izincwadi noma ubuciko kuphela.

Isikhathi Esidala: ukulinganisela

Konke kwaqala eGrisi kwase kudlulela eRoma. Vele lokhu kungumbono ophelele we-Eurocentric. I-Classicism ifaka phakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. C. kuze kube V. C. Ukulinganisela nokuzwana kwakuyizindinganiso eziyinhloko. Ababhali babekhathalela umbukeli. Ukuzijabulisa kube ngesinye sezisusa. Kepha futhi phakamisa umphefumulo.

I-Iliad Homer futhi Inkosi u-Oedipus kaSophocles yizimpawu ezimbili zalesi sikhathi. Ngandlela thile, ngokuhamba kweminyaka, izincwadi zihlala zibuyela kulaba babhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "isakhiwo se-Aristotelian" siyaqhubeka nokuba yipharadigm enkulu uma kukhulunywa ngokuxoxa izindaba. Umqondo wokuthi selokhu kwasungulwa i-cinema ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX uphinde wakuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwawo.

Inkathi Ephakathi: ubumnyama?

Ubuhle buyekile ukubaluleka. Konke kwaqala ukuzungeza uNkulunkulu ... kahle, kunalokho ngokwesaba okwakukhona. Isikhathi esinempikiswano njengoba side. Isukela ekuweni koMbuso WaseRoma waseNtshonalanga kuya ekufikeni kukaColumbus eMelika. Lokhu kwaqondana ngokulandelana kwezikhathi nokuwa koMbuso waseByzantium nokusungulwa komshini wokunyathelisa.

Ababhali bangeNkathi Ephakathi, ngokujwayelekile, bafeza umsebenzi owenziwe ngomqondo. "Umsebenzi" wakhe kwakungukukhuthaza izindinganiso zokuziphatha nokuthi abantu bazi imithetho yezenhlalo okufanele bayithobele. Imisebenzi eminingi isindile ngenxa yokudluliswa komlomo, okwandisa izinga lokungaqondakali ekuhlaziyweni kwalesi sikhathi. Noma kunjalo, izingcezu eziyisisekelo zafinyelela ezinsukwini zethu. I- Cula nge-Cid yami ubufakazi balokho.

Ukuzalwa kabusha (kobuntu)

Ukubuya kokukhanya. Abaningi bachaza okwenzeka engxenyeni enkulu yeYurophu phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX ngalesisho. Ukulwelwa kweminyakazo yakudala eyakhulelwa eGrisi lasendulo. Ingesinye sezikhathi zobuciko ezihehayo emlandweni wesintu. Futhi yize ubuciko bokubukwa nokwakhiwa kugcina konke okubonakalayo, izincwadi ziyisici esingeke sanganakwa.

Imvelo ithatha indawo ephakathi nendawo. Kuyafana nokubukeka okusha kwefilosofi, kepha manje sekuqondwa njengengxenye yobuKristu. Lezi yizinsuku zikaLeonardo Da Vinci noMichelangelo. Lesi sakamuva, imbongi evelele, ngaphezu kwesici sakhe esaziwayo njengomdwebi nombazi. UShakespeare, Machiavelli noLuther nabo bavele endaweni yesigameko. Kuyafana nomsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu ku-Castilian sonke isikhathi: Don Quixote nguCervantes.

Ukulayishwa kabusha kwe-baroque

I-Baroque ibonakale iphula ngokujwayelekile okwakukhona ngesikhathi se-Renaissance. Iyasebenza phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, Yize kugcina umoya wobuciko obudala, amazwi okubhikisha aveza ukulandisa okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezincwadini. Lapho kunganakiwe kuphela amafomu. Ukukhethwa kwezihloko obekuzoxoxwa ngazo bekuyindaba ebalulekile

Izindaba zeChivalric zaqhubeka ngokuthandwa, futhi zishiya indawo yezinganekwane zabefundisi neze-picaresque. Ukunyakaza okuningana okwakukhona ngaphakathi kwakhe kwakwakhiwe, iningi lalo laliphikisana. Njengokwenzekile eSpain ngeCulteranismo, emelwe nguLuis de Góngora y Argote noConceptualismo, owayekhiphe umklomelo omkhulu eFrancisco de Quevedo.

I-Neoclassicism: isibuyekezo esisha kumanani ajwayelekile

Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, ubuntu buthuthuke ngokuqina. Lokhu kubonakala kahle kwezobuciko: "izikhathi zesimanje", ukungavumelani nezinguquko kuvela ngokushesha. LUkuvuselelwa kweBaroque kuthole impendulo cishe ngokushesha ngeNeoclassicism. Okunye ukubuyela kulokho okwaphakanyiswa amaGrikhi namaRoma.

Phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, izincwadi zathola injongo yazo yokuziphatha, yize lesi sikhathi sasigxile ekuboneni. Amafomu abesabalulekile, kepha inhloso bekuwukuthola ukuxhumana okuhlanzekile, okucacile futhi okulula. Imihlobiso engadingekile yayishiywa eceleni. Ubukhazikhazi I-Goethe ingenye yezingcezu ezimelele kakhulu kulesi sikhathi.

I-Romanticism nobuciko bokuphupha

Phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-XNUMX, ubungxiwankulu kanye ne-pragmatism kwaqala ukuvela njengama-paradigms amanje. Izincwadi azikhombisanga umdlandla omkhulu ngaphambi kwale panorama futhi zaphendula ngokuvela kwe-Romanticism. Ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kwakungezinye zezinjini eziyinhloko zalo mkhuba. Kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-subjectivism, iphupho nokusondelana.

Imibiko yokuqala yobuntatheli yathuthukiswa hhayi ngombono onolwazi kuphela noma ngokuvela kombhikisho. Lokhu kubonakala futhi njengendlela yokubonakaliswa kobuciko. Uhlu lwamagama lwalesi sikhathi lubanzi njengoba luhlukile: UMary Shelley, uBram Stoker, Edgar Allan Poe, UGustavo Adolfo Bécquer ne-etetera ende kakhulu.

Ukubhekana Namaqiniso

"Ukubusa" kwezothando akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside. Ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye elifanayo wathola ukuphikiswa kuRealism. Akusekho ukuzithoba, akusekho ukusondelana. Ukuhlaziywa kweqiniso kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu okuhlangene kugcwalisa indawo. Imizwa kanye nesidingo sokuphunyuka kugwetshelwe ukungabikho.

Madame Bovary UGustave Flaubert umele okungezona okuhlanganisiwe kwalesi sikhathi. Inoveli, ngaphandle kokuphikisana, yayiguqula izinguquko ezinkulu. Amagama afana no-Alexandre Dumas noHenry James, phakathi kwamanye amaningi, nawo avelele.

Isimanjemanje

"Izikhathi zanamuhla" ekugcineni zifikile. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, ngemuva kokunyakaza okukhulu nokuhamba okuphikisayo okwavela phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, imibhalo yesimanje yesimanje ivusa, ngezinga elithile, okwedlule futhi. Uthando nokuvusa inkanuko kuthatha indawo. Ukubalekela ukuhamba kwesikhathi kuvunyelwe futhi.

Amagama esiLatin American asevele esevuthiwe manje. Akulingiswa nje kuphela okuvela eSpain, kodwa futhi kuyaphakanyiswa. Kangangokuthi ireferensi enkulu yamazwi wale nkathi yazalwa khona phakathi nezwekazi ebelilokhu lisho ukuthi livela kulo. Sikhuluma ngeNicaragua URubén Darío nocezu lwayo oluyisisekelo: Azul.

El Usizo - Garde

"Konke kumelene nomhlaba." Mhlawumbe le nkulumo ihaba kancane, kepha ama-avant-gardes wobuciko azalelwa ukwehlukana nakho konke okwedlule. Bayaphakama futhi bangabaze ukubaluleka kokufunda. Kuyisikhathi esingeneliseki neze lapho isimangalo esikhulu sigxila enkululekweni yokukhuluma.

Yazalwa ngokufana nesimanjemanje, kanti nomcabango ofanayo owabeka ibhuleki ku "owayephila ngesikhathi" (iMpi Yezwe II) waphoqelela ukubaluleka kwawo ukuthi kubuyekezwe. Amagama ahlukahlukene njengezichasiselo emlandweni wezinhlamvu avela phakathi kwabahloli bawo. Izibonelo ezine:

• U-André Breton.
• UJulio Cortazar.
• Franz Kafka.
• Ernest Hemingway

Isikhathi se- "Thumela"

Ngokwezinga elithile, yisikhathi esiphila kuso. Sikhuluma nge-postmodernism, kanye ne-post-avant-garde. Kuzo zombili, eminye iminyakazo ebalulekile igcwele emlandweni wezincwadi. Okubaluleke kakhulu kuzinhlamvu zaseLatin American, ubuqiniso bemilingo, noGabriel García Márquez njengenye yezinkomba zayo ezinkulu.