inyumba.
inyumba kwakha kanye Umshado Wegazi (1933) futhi Indlu kaBernarda Alba (1936) i- "Lorca trilogy" ehlonishwayo. Sikhishwe ngo-1934, kubhekiselwa kuso njengobungcweti beshashalazi nguFederico García Lorca, - mhlawumbe - umbhali waseSpain obaluleke kakhulu wekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Yakhiwe ngezenzo ezintathu zamafreyimu amabili lilinye, kubhekwa njengesiqephu esifushane. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlelwa kwayo kunesilinganiso semizuzu engama-90. Ingqikimba: inhlekelele yasemakhaya (imfashini kakhulu eLatin America ngawo-1930). Isetshenziswe kabi ngumbhali wemidlalo owazalelwa eGranada ukuzenza aziwe eSpain nakwelinye leLatin America.
UFederico García Lorca, umbhali
Wazalwa ngo-1898 eFuente Vaqueros, eGranada. Indodana yomndeni ocebile, eyamvumela ukuba akhulele phakathi nensimu ngaphandle kwesibopho sokuyilima ukuze aphile. Umama wakhe wamkhuthaza ukuthanda izincwadi - nobuciko ngokujwayelekile - kusukela esemncane. Ngalesi sizathu, kunengqondo ukuthi vele ebusheni wayephethe umbandela owakhiwe kahle wobuhle. Umshado Wegazi yisibonelo sayo esicacile.
Isizukulwane sika '27
Kukhungathekiswe isithukuthezi samasiko esifundazweni, ukwazile ukuya eMadrid ngenhloso yokuqhubeka nokuqeqeshwa kwakhe kwezemfundo e-Student Residence. Isayithi okukhulunywa ngalo bekuyisikhungo esihlonishwa kakhulu, esivame ukuvakashelwa abantu abadumile nososayensi abanjengo-Albert Einstein noMarie Curie.
UFederico García Lorca.
Lapho waba ngumngane omkhulu kaSalvador Dalí noLuis Buñuel, phakathi kwezinye izibalo eziningi zezwe nezamazwe omhlaba.. Ngale ndlela, indawo ekahle yama-bohemian neyengqondo yakhelwe ukukhula ngokugcwele komuntu onobuciko njengoGarcía Lorca. Izungezwe abaculi abahlukile; isethi eya emlandweni ngaphansi kwegama lesizukulwane sama-27.
Impilo ekhishwe yi-fascism
Kepha ishumi leminyaka lesine lekhulu lama-XNUMX, yize lalisebenza ngokuvela komsebenzi omuhle kaLorca, kodwa futhi limelela esinye sezikhathi ezimnyama kakhulu eSpain. OkweMpi Yombango yaseSpain kwaletha ukukhuphuka kwamandla okwalandela kukaFrancisco Franco. Noma kunjalo Lorca akazange ahlangane nanoma iyiphi imbangela yezepolitiki noma acwase abangane ngenxa yezizathu zemibono, wabonwa njengosongo.
Ebhekene nalesi simo, amanxusa aseColombia naseMexico amnikeza isiphephelo, nokho akazange asamukele. NgoJulayi 1936 wabanjwa kanti kulinganiselwa ukuthi wadutshulwa entathakusa ngo-Agasti 18 (usuku alwaziwa kahle). Phakathi kokunye, ubesolwa ngobutabane.
inyumba, izinkondlo enkonzweni yenhlekelele
Uma amadrama kaGarcía Lorca avelela okuthile, kungenxa yomqondo wabo wezinkondlo. Izingxoxo, kanye nomculo - izingoma eziningi zama-gypsy zisebenza njengenjini yalo msebenzi - zibeka ijubane. Y, ngokufana nayo yonke i-trilogy, ukuqala kwe- inyumba ucezu (nomlingiswa) ogcwele ithemba. Kepha ukuqoqwa kokukhungatheka kugcina kuguqula ubukhona bakhe bube yiphupho elibi langempela.
Lokhu kwehla okuqondile kumoya we-protagonist yayo kukhombisa ukuthuthukiswa komsebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenkathi umbhalo uqhutshwa yinkinga yesakhiwo, isenzo sihlola izingxabano ezijwayelekile zomphakathi waseSpain. Ngaphandle kokuba yimanifesto yokuphendula, igcina isisindo esithile esanele ukuze (izibukeli) zidlule kubo zinganakile.
Impikiswano
yerma, i-protagonist ngowesifazane ubaba wakhe abeke umshado kuye noJuan, indoda angayifuni. Noma kunjalo, akameleki. Ngokwengxenye ngoba ungumuntu oqotho nolungile, onamathele emqondweni wokwethembeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulo mshado ubona indlela yokufeza injongo yakhe ejulile: ukuba ngumama.
Kepha inyumba (ngakho-ke, negama lokuqala ngonobumba omncane) igama elisetshenziselwa ukukhomba into engazali noma eyomile. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi siyadlula ... Yerma, i-protagonist ayikwazi ukukhulelwa. Isifiso sakho sigcina siphenduke inkanuko bese igcina ngokukhipha inhlekelele yokugcina. Ukulahlwa kwephakade eliyinyumba nelinesizungu.
Ye-machismo, izingqungquthela zomphakathi kanye (nokuntuleka) kokudala
I-Rural Spain lapho isethwe khona isiqeshana sikhanya ngokweqile. UJuan, umyeni kaJerma, umele lokho. Indoda ecindezela ingazi futhi ilimaze "umkayo" ingazi. Ngoba nje yindlela izinto ezisebenza ngayo. Ngasikhathi sinye yi-machismo ekhuthazwa futhi ilungisiswe ngabesifazane uqobo.
Umusho kaFederico García Lorca.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, emihlanganweni yezenhlalo eyamukelekayo, umsebenzi osemqoka wabo bonke abesifazane ukukhonza nokuzala, ngaphandle kwalokho uyadelelwa. Kepha UJuan induduzo yempilo ethulile futhi ngaphandle kwesidingo sezingane imshiye engenabuciko. Lokho wukuthi, ngaphandle kothando lwangempela lwempilo. Lokhu kunganaki kuholela ekucindezelweni kwe-protagonist, oqinisa isiphetho sakhe.
Hloniphani kuqala, bese kuba okunye
Kukhona umlingiswa wesithathu maphakathi nodweshu; Igama lakhe nguVictor. Ubengumngane kaJerma kusukela ebuntwaneni babo. Ngokufanayo, ungomunye wabasebenzi bakaJuan. UVictor noJerma bebelokhu bethandana ingunaphakade. Ukuba khona nje kwalo mlingiswa kuyayicasula imizwa yakhe angazizwa nomyeni wakhe. Ngisho nangezikhathi zokusondelana.
Wonke umuntu edolobheni ubona ukuheha phakathi kukaVictor noJerma. Okubi kakhulu: noma ngabe ngenxa yokuhlonishwa nokwethembeka balahla uthando lwabo, abesifazane baqala ukuhleba ngokungathembeki okuphelele. Ngenxa yalokho, izinsolo zomuntu othintekayo azibalulekile ... imbewu yokuthandabuza itshalwe.
Olunye uvivinyo lobuqotho
Esenzweni sesithathu, ngasekupheleni komdlalo, u-Yerma unethuba lokubaleka nenye indoda - uyisidlakela, usebenza kanzima, unempilo enhle - ngubani ongamnika konke akufunayo. Ngaphandle kwekhaya nokuphepha, indodana ebikade ilangazelelwa. Ukunikezwa kuza ohambweni oluya eholweni, kusuka emlonyeni "wesalukazi" (isihloko esisetshenziswe nguGarcía Lorca ukukhomba umama walowo ozongenela ukhetho).
Kepha i-Yerma ayigobi, ihlala iqinile ezimisweni zayo futhi ihambisana nokuziphatha kwayo. Ufuna ukuba nengane, kuphela nomyeni wakhe. Indoda eyamshada futhi ahlanganyela nayo embhedeni wakhe osondelene ... uma uhlangothi lwayo lungakwazi ukuphefumula, akubonakali kufanelekile kuye.
Ukuphela kwe-Yerma
Isimo sokugcina salesi siqephu singesinye sezikhathi ezivelele kakhulu emdlalweni waseSpain. Lo protagonist ubulala umyeni wakhe ngokumklinya ngenkathi ezama ukumthola. Ukuhlubuka kwabacindezelwe kubacindezeli, umphumela wawo okungeyona oyifunayo.
Ukulandelana kukaYerma ememeza esiteji ukuthi yena ngokwakhe ubulale indodana yakhe (ngoba angaba naye umyeni wakhe kuphela) ngeke kulibaleke kubo bonke abebehambele umdlalo. Usizi ngendlela yalo emsulwa. Ngamandla izinkondlo ngolimi lweSpanishi kuphela ezingaphrinta. I-Sublime futhi ibuhlungu ezingxenyeni ezilinganayo.