I-mystique yobufazi (Umhl. Sihlalo) liyincwadi engelona iqiniso ebhalwe u-Theorist waseMelika kanye nesishoshovu uBetty friedan. Yanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-1963. Kuyindatshana elwela amalungelo abantu besifazane etholakala enhlokweni yemibhalo efundisayo ekhuluma ngesihloko. futhi eduze Ubulili besibili (1949) ka-Simone de Beauvoir ungomunye wemibhalo egqame kakhulu ekhuluma ngobufazi.
Le ncwadi ichaza futhi ikhombisa ukuqwashisa ngokulingana phakathi kobulili, kanye nokungakhululeki okubangelwa isithombe sabesifazane esiye sahlanekezelwa ngamashumi eminyaka egagasi lesibili le-feminism (1950-1990). Umsebenzi wamanje kakhulu kusukela kuma-60s ngokungangabazeki owazi ukujula kowesifazane.
I-mystique yobufazi: indlela yokungena kowesifazane
Iyini i-mystique yobufazi?
Ngeminyaka yawo-50, ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, isithombe sabesifazane sajwayela isimo esisha somphakathi kanye nemindeni esihlanganisayo. Bafuna ukumenza umama onakekela izingane kanye nomyeni, okufanele ayihloniphe futhi ayilandele, kuyilapho emnikeza injabulo nokwaneliseka. Owesifazane kufanele azinakekele futhi abonise isithombe sowesifazane (owesifazane, leyo mystique yobufazi uFriedan akhuluma ngayo) ejabulisa i-nucleus yomndeni. Ungowomndeni kodwa akumele adideke, kumele agcine izimfanelo ezichazwe kwabesifazane.
Kulomongo, UFriedan ukhuluma ngesithombe sowesifazane oklonyeliswe futhi wamukelwa ubulili besifazane, i-mystique of femininity. Izithombe zokukhangisa, okuqukethwe komagazini namaphethini kwasakazekela kubo ngaphakathi kokuziphatha okuqinile okwabeka abesifazane ngaphansi kwemisebenzi yasekhaya futhi umkhaya wenza laba bantu baba buthaka ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Ubufakazi balokhu ukungakhululeki okukhiqizwa yilokhu kuziphatha nokuhleleka. UFriedan uyichaza ngokuthi "i-malaise engenagama", ekhona, entanta emoyeni futhi engabavumeli abesifazane ukuba bazenzele izinqumo zabo (ngisho nangendlela yokugqoka). Imiphumela yalokhu kwakuyi-somatizations ehlukene, njengokukhathazeka, i-neurosis, izidakamizwa, umuzwa ojulile wesizungu nokungaqondi, nokuzibulala ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu.
Ukuphoqelelwa ebuhlotsheni bomphakathi obungahlanganise lutho nabo njengabantu ngabanyeSengiphetha, kwakudingeka baphendule emibonweni eyayikhona yonke indawo ngesikhathi lapho ukwazi kwabantu besifazane kwase kukhohliwe amashumi eminyaka kanye nokugqashuka kwempi enkulu yesibili yekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Ukungalingani, phela
Kube negebe elijulile lendima eliholwa ubulili futhi umsuka walo wawusekuhlukaniseni ngokocansi. Ngenxa yesimo sabo njengabesifazane, kufanele futhi bamelele inkulumo yocansi, nakuba iphathwa ekhaya nasemshadweni. UFriedan kule ncwadi ukhuluma ngokulutheka ocansini abaningi balaba besifazane ababa nakho, bezifela ngokwanelisa obekulindelekile kubo. Konke lokhu kwakusho ukungalingani okukhulu, phela. Futhi abesifazane bathula bahlupheka.
Umndeni wawuyindlela eyiqiniso, bathi, yokuthola injabulo kwabesifazane futhi ngenxa yalokho abaningi babo bazizwa bengakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi kungani babezizwa bengaphelele, bedabukile. Ukunganeliseki okuhlala njalo kanye nesifiso esingacacile sokungazi ukuthi bafunani (umkhiqizo walokho kuphucwa abantu babo) kwakha iqiniso labaningi babo.
Incwadi ingaqondwa ngokomongo wayo, kodwa ukutadisha ngokucophelela kombhali ngezahluko zayo kusasebenza nanamuhla. I-malaise uFriedan akhuluma ngayo ngeminyaka yama-60s nayo isahlushwa abesifazane ekhulwini lama-XNUMX.. Kodwa manje sekunokuqwashisa okukhulu kanye nokucabanga okujulile okusabalele.
Iziphetho
Incwadi ecwaninga ngokungalingani kwabesifazane futhi ihlaziye isithombe sabo esicatshangelwayo kanye nokungakhululeki okwabangela kulaba bantu abaphikwayo. Ukwakhiwa kwesithombe sowesifazane ngokufakwa yilokho okuchazayo I-mystique yobufazi. Ukungalingani kwakuyisiqalo semfundo eyatholwa abesifazane. Ngoba mhlawumbe bangasebenza, bavote, bashayele, noma baye ekolishi. Kodwa-ke kwakukhona i-vacuum ekhona ukuthi uBetty Friedan ukwazile ukuhlonza nokuchazela abesifazane emhlabeni jikelele. Futhi ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane baseMelika bango-60 kanye nalabo abalandelayo.
ngiyabonga kule ncwadi singangena sijule emlandweni wobufazi. Liyincwadi yesazi sobuntu ukuze siqonde kangcono futhi senze uguquko lomphakathi uwonke.
Mayelana nomlobi
UBetty Naomi Goldstein, owaziwa kangcono njengoBetty Friedan, wazalelwa e-Illinois ngo-1921.. Wayeyindodakazi yabafuduki baseRussia naseHungary. Wenza izifundo zePsychology eSmith College eMassachusetts futhi kamuva wafinyelela eNyuvesi edumile yaseBerkeley eCalifornia lapho aqeda khona iziqu. Usebenze njengombhali nomhleli. Okumangazayo ukuthi washada wadela izinto eziningi ngenxa yothando. Isimo sakhe njengowesifazane ebusheni bakhe, kanye nempilo kamama wakhe (owashiya umsebenzi wakhe ngenxa yomndeni wakhe) ngokuqinisekile bekuyonquma isimo sakhe sengqondo nokucabanga kwakhe.
Wayengumfundisi wemfundiso-nkolo yabesifazane owayelwela amalungelo abesifazane nokulingana kobulili.. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waba iphayona langaleso sikhathi owayezibandakanya nenhlangano yabesifazane yama-60s. Wahlanganisa umcabango wakhe wetiyetha I-mystique yobufazi, incwadi engase ibhekwe njengenethonya elikhulu ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule. Eminye yemisebenzi yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ehunyushelwe olimini lweSpanishi Isigaba sesibili (1983), umthombo weminyaka (1993) futhi impilo yami kuze kube manje (2003). Udlule emhlabeni ngo-2006 eneminyaka engu-85.