Izincwadi zikaJosé Saramago

Izincwadi zemibhalo kaJosé Saramago ziveze ubuchwepheshe obuningi obuthuthukiswe kuyo yonke iminyaka engu-87 ikhona. Yize isihlakaniphi esivela ePortugal sithathe isikhathi saso ukufinyelela ekuzinikeleni okucacile ngo-1980, sineminyaka engama-57, safinyelela udumo emhlabeni wonke sineminyaka engama-76, ngemuva kokuthola indondo yeNobel Yezincwadi ngoNovemba 16, 1998.

Ngaphandle kokuba ngumbhali ovelele, umbhali wasePortugal wagqama njengentatheli, umbhali wemidlalo, umbhali wamanoveli, imbongi nesazi-mlando. Ngokusho kukaJosé Luis Herrera Arciniega (1999), "Ngaphambi kweNobel, isikhundla sakhe njengombhali sidlulele emkhakheni wezincwadi futhi samfaka esikhundleni sokuba ngumlamuleli kwabezindaba nofakazi nomhlaziyi wezehlakalo zepolitiki ... ".

Umbhalo kaJosé Saramago

Ukuzalwa nomndeni

UJosé Saramago wazalwa ngoNovemba 16, 1922 e-Azinhaga, idolobhana lasemaphandleni, elisenyakatho-mpumalanga yePortugal. Abazali bakhe, uJosé de Souza noMaría da Piedade, babempofu impela. Ngenxa yalokho, banquma ukuthuthela eLisbon ekupheleni kuka-1925, lapho ubaba wakhe abhalisela ukusebenza embuthweni wamaphoyisa. Ngokushesha nje emva kokufika enhlokodolobha, indodana endala yomndeni, uFrancisco, yadlula emhlabeni.

USaramago, umfundi ovelele

UJosé osemusha wayevelela amamaki akhe amahle esikoleni sezimboni sezobuchwepheshe (yize ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe kwakuhlanganisa nezifundo zobuntu). Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobunzima bezezimali emndenini wakhe, waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye amakilasi ayosiza ngezimali zasekhaya. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala kwaba i-serralheiro (umkhandi wensimbi) okweminyaka emibili.

Imisebenzi kaJosé Saramago

Kusukela ngawo-1940, wayephethe imisebenzi ehlukahlukene: umqoqi wesikweletu, isikhulu sezempilo yomphakathi kanye nosizo kwezenhlalo, umhleli, umhumushi nentatheli. Ngo-1944 uSaramago washada no-Ilda Reis futhi waqala ukudala i- Izwe lesono, inoveli yakhe yokuqala (eyashicilelwa ngo-1947 ngaphandle kwempumelelo yokuhlela, ehambisana nokuzalwa kwezibulo lakhe, uViolante). Ngokufanayo, uSaramago wagcwalisa inoveli yakhe yesibili Isibhakabhaka (ayishicilelwanga kuze kube ngu-2012).

Kamuva, waba ngumhlaziyi wezincwadi kanye nomhlaziyi wezamasiko walo magazini Seara nova. Lezo kwakuyizikhathi zokuvinjelwa esizweni sase-Iberia. Ngalesi sizathu, ukushicilelwa nezindatshana zabo zancishiswa noma zavinjelwa kaningi, ikakhulukazi Idayari yezindaba. Ngo-1966 waba yilungu lebhodi lokuqala le-Portuguese Writers Association - ayengusihlalo walo kusukela ngo-1985 kuya ku-1994 - futhi walishicilela Unezinkondlo.

Ukucindezelwa kwezepolitiki kukaSalazar

Yize ayehlukunyezwa ngumbuso wobushiqela waseSalazar, uSaramago wadalula ngonya waveza imibono yakhe yangakwesobunxele ezindabeni zepolitiki. Ngokufanayo, usebenze njengomqondisi nomkhiqizi wezincwadi endlini yokushicilela iminyaka eyishumi nambili. Ngokufana, wenza izinguqulo zemisebenzi yabalobi abanjengoBaudelaire, Colette, Maupassant noTolstoi. Ngo-1969 wajoyina iqembu lamaKhomanisi (ngaleso sikhathi elalingavumelekile) lasePortugal futhi wahlukanisa ne-Ilda.

Indima yakho ku Iphephandaba laseLisbon

Phakathi kuka-1972 no-1973 wayephethe isikhundla sokuba ngumhleli, umhlaziyi wezepolitiki futhi, izinyanga ezimbalwa, waba ngumxhumanisi wencwadi yezamasiko Iphephandaba laseLisbon. Ngemuva konyaka wajoyina iCarnation Revolution eyaveza ushintsho lwentando yeningi ePortugal. Ngo-1975 wayeyiphini lomqondisi we Ijenali Yezindaba futhi kusukela ngo-1976 uSaramago wayenezincwadi zakhe zokuphela kokusekelwa.

Ukukhulisa do Chão nempumelelo ekudala ilindelwe

Umcimbi ovelele emsebenzini wokubhala kaJosé Saramago kwaba ukuzinikezela kwakhe sekwedlule isikhathi ngo-1980, ngemuva kokwethulwa kwe- Ukukhulisa do Chão (Isuswe phansi). Kuyinoveli exuba ngobuciko indaba engahluziwe futhi - cishe - eyinkondlo ngabasebenzi bakaLavre. Ukubuyekezwa okuhle kakhulu okutholakele, kanye nempumelelo ekuthengisweni kwencwadi, kukhuthaze umbhali wasePutukezi ukuthi ashicilele cishe okungapheli iminyaka engama-30 ezayo.

Ngisho nobufakazi balabo abasondelene kakhulu naye bukhombisa ukuthi wabhala kwaze kwaba yizinsuku zakhe zokugcina. Ekugcineni, uJosé Saramago ushone eneminyaka engama-87 ngenxa yokuhlushwa isikhathi eside yi-leukemia ngoJuni 18, 2010, lapho ehlala khona eTías (Lanzarote), eSpain. Ushiye ifa elidlula izincwadi ezingamashumi amabili ezishicilelwe ezinhlotsheni zenoveli, iphephandaba, umlando, indaba emfushane, imidlalo yeshashalazi nezinkondlo.

Izici zomsebenzi kaJosé Saramago

Ububanzi bomhlaba jikelele nobubanzi

Izincwadi eziningi kakhulu zikaJosé Saramago zashicilelwa ngaphandle kwasePortugal yakhe. Uhlu lwamazwe luholwa yiSpain (ngeSpanish nangesiCatalan), ilandelwe yiFrance, iNetherlands, iJalimane (womabili eWestern Federal Republic naseMpumalanga Democratic Republic), e-United Kingdom, eGrisi, ePoland, eBulgaria, eUSSR, eCzechoslovakia (eCzech naseSlovak), eNorway, eFinland, eDenmark, eSweden, kwa-Israyeli, eRomania, eHungary naseSwitzerland.

Wabuye wethula ngempumelelo izincwadi eJapan, e-United States, eMexico, eColombia, e-Argentina naseBrazil. Izidayari zakhe ezidumile (the Izincwadi zokubhala ezivela eLanzarote), kanye namanoveli akhe azuze ukuthandwa okuningi phakathi kwezikhulumi zaseSpain. Imisebenzi yakhe engaziwa kakhulu mhlawumbe ihambelana nezeshashalazi nezinkondlo.

USaramago nesitayela sakhe esithile

Ngokusho kwabahlaziyi bezincwadi ezifana noMartín Vivaldi noma u-Eduardo Miranda Arrieta, kunzima kakhulu ukubala umsebenzi kaJosé Saramago ngenxa yobude nokuhluka kwawo. Ngalo mqondo, imikhawulo phakathi kohlobo oluthile nolunye cishe ayitholakali ekudalweni kombhali wasePutukezi, owakhetha ukusebenza ngaphansi kwesitayela esithile semibhalo ngokuya ngokuqukethwe nenhloso yomyalezo wakhe.

Mayelana nalokhu, uHerrera Arciniega uthe: “Ukunquma ukuthi kuyabhalwa yini inoveli noma indaba, noma ngabe kuyabhalwa izinkondlo, noma kuzokwakhiwa umdlalo weshashalazi, noma ngabe kuzobhalwa umlando noma kukhethwe i-eseyi, kuhlobene nalokho okuhloselwe ukukusho . Yebo, kuyindaba yamasu nezitayela, kanye nokuqeqeshwa, kodwa futhi nezinhloso ngalokho okufanele kubhalwe… ”.

Ukunotha nokuzwakalisa

UJosé Saramago uxube amathuba anikezwa uhlobo ngalunye lokunquma izindlela zabo zokukhuluma. Emakhasini ayo kunezindima ezivamile lapho ukungena kungaphezu kwesenzo. Lesi sici sibonakala kakhulu kumanoveli akhe IVangeli ngokusho kukaJesu Kristu (1991) futhi Indatshana ngobumpumputhe (ishumi nesishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye nanhlanu); zombili izindaba ezilandisa ngezinto eziningi zomlando.

Ukuguquguquka kwayo

Ngaphezu kwalokho, indalo yakhe yokubhala yembula ukuguquguquka okukhulu njengomlobi, yize - ngamazwi kaSaramago uqobo - egcizelele ukwenziwa kwamanoveli ngezinga elikhulu. Emibhalweni yakhe eminingi (ngaphambi kokuzinikezela kwakhe) kuye kwaphikiswa inkulumo yakhe engenakuphikwa yokubhala kwakhe nomsebenzi wakhe wobuntatheli obude. Ngakho-ke, ku Imithwalo yabahambi (1973) imizekeliso esetshenzisiwe idlulisa umuzwa wokufunda indaba.

Ukusetshenziswa okuhle kakhulu kolimi nemibhalo emihle

Ngasikhathi sinye, uSaramago akazange ahlukumeze ukuthokoza noma izinkulumo zomlomo; Ngokuphambene nalokho, wasebenzisa ukufinyela njengomthombo oqinile futhi osebenzayo lapho eveza imibono ngendlela emfushane necacile. Okusho ukuthi, isitayela sakhe sasihlanganisa ngokuphelele ukuqabuleka kohlangothi lwakhe lwezemibhalo kanye nencazelo emfushane yentatheli. Amandla ngamunye afakwa emugqeni ofanele, ukuphakamisa kahle noma aqukethe isisho.

UJosé Saramago, isazi-mlando kanye nosopolitiki

Imicabango yakhe yangakwesobunxele ikhonjisiwe ngaphakathi kwezisekelo zamaqembu ezombusazwe angenakubalwa eLatin America (MAS eVenezuela noma iWorkers 'Party eBrazil, ngokwesibonelo). UJosé Saramago ubhale esesimweni sokukhathalela abantu nasezingxoxweni zakhe (ngokwesibonelo, ku Ngiyikhomanisi lamahomoni, noJorge Halperín - 2002) kunesiqubulo esicacile sokulwa nama impiriyali.

Kodwa-ke, noma esola i-United States ngokuba yimbangela yezifo eziningi zomhlaba emashumini eminyaka adlule, uSaramago uhlale ebeka isikhundla esibucayi maqondana nokushoda kokujula nokuhlangana kweLatin American esele. Nakuxoxwa naye (2002) no-Eduardo Miranda Arrieta uthe “Okusele namhlanje ukungabikho kwemibono. Futhi akunakwenzeka ukushintsha izinto ngaphandle kwemibono ”.

Enye yemishwana edumile ebizwa ngeSaramago ifundeka kanje "Uma umuntu akhiwa yizimo, khona-ke izimo kumele zenziwe ngendlela yabantu." Futhi uyanezela, “Ubungxiwankulu abukwenzi, akuzalwanga lokho. Futhi kungaba ngcono ukube besibona ukuthi ubusoshiyali abukwenzile lokho ... izimo ezihlangabezana nezigidi zabantu akusizo ezabantu, azikaze zibe njalo futhi konke kukhombisa ukuthi ngeke babe khona ”.

Kwamanye amanoveli akhe akamuva -Umgede (2000), Indoda eyimpinda (2002), Indzaba nge-lucidity (2004) futhi isikhathi sokufa (2005) - UJosé Saramago ubheka izindaba ezinjengokuthenga abathengi, ukulahleka kobunikazi emphakathini omkhulu, imingcele yentando yeningi kanye nokugqugquzela ukungafundi okusebenzayo njengohlelo lokubusa.

Izincwadi zikaJosé Saramago

Ngezansi kunohlu lwemisebenzi kaSaramago, eminingi yayo ekufanele ukuba phakathi kwayo izincwadi eziyi-100 ezihamba phambili.

Novelas

• Izwe lesono (1947).
• Incwadi yokudweba ne-calligraphy (1977).
• Isuswe phansi (1980).
• Izinkumbulo zesigodlo (1982).
• Unyaka wokushona kukaRicardo Reis (1984).
• Isihlenga samatshe (1986).
• Umlando weSiege of Lisbon (1989).
• IVangeli ngokusho kukaJesu Kristu (1991).
• Indatshana ngobumpumputhe (1995).
• Wonke amagama (1997).
• Umgede (2000).
• Indoda eyimpinda (2004).
• Indatshana kuLucidity (2004).
• isikhathi sokufa (2005).
• Uhambo lwendlovu (2008).
• uKhayini (2009).
• Isibhakabhaka; ebhalwe ngo-1953, yashicilelwa ngo-2011 ngemuva kokushona kwakhe.

Izinkondlo

• Izinkondlo ezingenzeka (1966).
• Mhlawumbe injabulo (1970).
• Unyaka we-1993 (1975).

Izindaba

• Cishe into (1978).
• Inganekwane yesiqhingi esingaziwa (1998).

travel

• Uhambo oluya ePortugal (1981).

Izidayari

• Izincwajana zeLanzarote 1993-1995 (1997).
• Izincwajana zeLanzarote II 1996-1997 (2002).
• Incwajana (2009).
• Incwadi yokugcina (2011).
• Incwajana yonyaka kaNobel (2018).

Izincwadi zezingane - izingane

• Imbali enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni (2001).
• Ukuthula kwamanzi (2011).
• Ingwenya (2016).