Izincwadi zikaMiguel de Unamuno

Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu wokubhala, uMiguel de Unamuno y Jugo (1864-1936) wahlola izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlobo, njengenoveli, i-eseyi, itiyetha kanye nezinkondlo. Ukubhala kwakhe kwakuhlobene kakhulu nokuthambekela kwefilosofi yangaleso sikhathi kanye nobunikazi bakhe beBasque, eyilungu eliyinhloko lesizukulwane sama-98. Inkungu, inoveli yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu, imake isitayela esasilindele ukusetshenziswa kwe-meta-fiction ngomlingiswa ongaphusile.

Ngokuvumelana nemibono yakhe yezepolitiki nezenhlalo, U-Unamuno wasuswa kaningana ezikhundleni eziphezulu e-University of Salamanca futhi waxoshwa (ngokuzithandela) ngenxa yokugxeka kwakhe njalo iNkosi u-Alfonso XIII. nombusi wobushiqela uPrimo de Rivera phakathi neminyaka yo-1920. Eqinisweni, ezinyangeni ezimbili ngaphambi kokushona kwesifundiswa saseBilbao, uFranco wamsusa ngesinqumo esivela esikhathini sakhe sokugcina njengomphathi ngo-Okthoba 1936.

Izikhathi ezibaluleke kakhulu empilweni kaMiguel de Unamuno

Ukuzalwa nomndeni

UMiguel de Unamuno y Jugo wazalwa ngoSepthemba 29, 1864 eBilbao, eSpain. Wayengowesithathu ezinganeni eziyisithupha futhi engumfana wokuqala womshado ongajwayelekile (wokulalana kwezihlobo) phakathi komthengisi uFélix María de Unamuno nomshana wakhe oneminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa, uMaría Salomé Crispina Jugo Unamuno. Lo mongo womndeni onempikiswano ubumele umbungu wokuphikisana okukhona okukhona okukuyo imisebenzi yakhe.

Ukufa kukayise nempi

Lapho eneminyaka eyisithupha ubudala, uyise washona. Ngemuva nje kokuphothula izifundo zakhe zamabanga aphansi eColegio de San Nicolás, uMiguel osemusha wabona ukuvinjezelwa kwedolobha lakhe ngesikhathi seMpi Yesithathu Yohlu Lwezinhlamvu ngo-1873, umcimbi kamuva wabonakala encwadini yakhe yokuqala, Ukuthula empini. Kusukela ngo-1875 wafunda isikole samabanga aphezulu eBilbao Institute, lapho evelela khona amabanga akhe amahle kakhulu.

Izifundo zaseNyuvesi

Ekwindla ka-1880 wathuthela enhlokodolobha yaseSpain eyofunda ifilosofi nezincwadi eNyuvesi yaseMadrid. Lapho, uxhumana namalungu enhlangano yamaKrausist. Eminyakeni emine kamuva, waqeda ithisisi yakhe yobudokotela futhi wabuyela eBilbao ngenhloso yokungena emphakathini waseBasque ngokubhala izindatshana, enikeza izingqungquthela futhi abambe iqhaza ezithangamini zezombusazwe.

Unamuno, sebenza nothando

Kuze kube ngo-1891 u-Unamuno uzoba "ngumphikisi onebhadi", unyaka lapho athola khona isihlalo sesiGreki eNyuvesi yaseSalamanca futhi washada nesithandwa sakhe sentsha, uConcha Lizárraga, owayenezingane eziyisishiyagalolunye naye: UFernando Esteban Saturnino (1872-1978), uPablo Gumersindo (1894-1955), uRaimundo (1896-), uSalomé (1897-1934), uFelisa (1897-1980), uJosé (1900-1974), uMaría (1902-1983) ), URafael (1905-1981) noRamon (1910-1969).

Ukushona kwendodana yakhe nekhefu

Ngo-1894 wakwenza kwaba semthethweni ukungena kwakhe kwi-PSOE, yize wayishiya eminyakeni emithathu ngemuva kwenhlekelele ejulile yokomoya eyabangelwa ukushona kwengane yakhe yesithathu.noma, uRaimundo, ngo-1896 ngenxa ye-meningitis. Nini Ukuthula empini yanyatheliswa ngo-1897, u-Unamuno wayesenkingeni enkulu yezenkolo kanye nobukhona.

Kakade ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona umbono ongapheli wokungaqiniseki obangelwa izinguquko ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka., kubonakala emsebenzini Ukuvuselelwa kabusha kweSpain kanye neYurophu (1898) nguJoaquín Costa. Phakathi kwalesi simo, "iqembu labathathu" (u-Azorín, uBaroja no-Unamuno) kanye nesizukulwane esibizwa nge-98 savela nendlela yabo yobuciko-yokulandisa ekwehleni kwezwe nasekuvuseleleni kabusha.

Isikhundla somlawuli nokuxoshwa kwakhe ngenxa yezizathu zezepolitiki

Emkhakheni wezifundo, Miguel de Unamuno Uqhubeke nokuthuthuka waze waqokwa waba ngumphathi weNyuvesi yaseSalamanca ngo-1900. Iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu eyalandela yaphawula isikhathi sakhe esivelele kakhulu njengombhali, njengoba kufakazelwa yilokho Uthando nokufundisa (1902), Impilo kaDon Quixote noSancho (1905), Ngokudlula emazweni aseSpain nasePortugal (1911), Umuzwa odabukisayo wokuphila (1912) futhi Inkungu (1914), phakathi kokunye okuningi.

Ngo-1914 uMnyango Wezokufundiswa Komphakathi wamsusa esikhundleni sakhe sokuba ngumphathi ngezizathu zezepolitiki., njengoba wayehlala eyindoda ekhathazekile ngemvelo yakhe yezenhlalo. Kwathi ngo-1918 wakhethwa ukuba yikhansela loMkhandlu weSalamanca. Unyaka ngaphambi kokuthi ashicilele U-Abel Sánchez. Indaba yothando.

Ngo-1920 wakhethwa njengomphathi we-Faculty of Philosophy and Letters kwathi ngo-1921 waqokwa njengephini-rector. Ukuhlasela kwakhe njalo iNkosi u-Alfonso XIII kanye nomashiqela uMiguel Primo de Rivera kwaveza ukuxoshwa okusha, kanye nokushushiswa kanye nesigwebo (esingakaze senziwe) iminyaka eyi-16 ejele ngenxa yokuthuka inkosi.

Ukudingiswa ngokuzithandela

Kusukela ngo-1924 kuya ku-1930 wathunjwa ngokuzithandela eFrance. Iminyaka emihlanu yokugcina yokudingiswa kwakhe wayichitha eHendaye (idolobha okumanje liyingxenye yezwe laseFrance iBasque). Ngemuva kokuwa kukaPrimo de Rivera, u-Unamuno wahlonishwa lapho ebuya futhi wajoyina izimfuno ezazifuna ukuthunjwa kuka-Alfonso XIII.

Buyela kokuthunyelwe kwe-rector

Ngemuva kokumemezela iRiphabhuliki ngo-1931, u-Unamuno waphinde waqokwa waba yi-University of Salamanca, UMongameli woMkhandlu Wokufundiswa Komphakathi kanye nePhini Lezinkantolo Zezikhungo. Ekugcineni, wahlonishwa njengomphathi wempilo ngemuva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi ngo-1934 futhi isihlalo sakhiwa negama lakhe.

Ukushona komkakhe nendodakazi yakhe

Nokho, Ukushona komkakhe (kanye nokwendodakazi yakhe uSalomé okwenzeka ngo-1933) kwamholela ekutheni ahoxe empilweni yomphakathi. NgoJulayi 1936 kwagqashuka iMpi Yombango, yize wazibiza ngokuthi uyiriphabhulikhi ekuqaleni, washeshe wakhombisa ukuzonda umbuso futhi waholela ekuvukeleni kwamasosha. Kulezo zikhathi ezinzima, umbhali omdala akazange avume ukukhohliswa, yize waxoshwa futhi wabuyiselwa esikhundleni sakhe.

U-Unamuno ubhekene neMillán Astray

Ngo-Okthoba 12, 1936, emcimbini wokugubha "idili lomjaho", UMiguel de Unamuno wenza isenzo sakhe sobuqhawe sokugcina lapho ebhekene noGeneral Millán Astray "ngokuzonda kwakhe ubuhlakani". Ukungenela kukaCarmen Polo kuphela - unkosikazi kaFranco - okuvimbele inqwaba yabantu abashiseka ngokweqile eFranco ekushayweni kwezihlakaniphi ezihlonishwayo. Kepha ngaphambi kokushiya indawo, u-Unamuno wanikeza impendulo eyingxenye yomqondo womlando waseSpain:

“Uzonqoba, kodwa ngeke uqinisekise. Uzophumelela ngoba unamandla amakhulu, kepha ngeke uqinisekise ngoba ukukholisa kusho ukuncenga. Futhi ukukholisa udinga okuthile okuntulayo kule mpi, isizathu nokulungile. Kubonakala kungenamsebenzi kimi ukukucela ukuthi ucabange ngeSpain ”.

Miguel de Unamuno.

Ukufa

UMiguel de Unamuno waphila izinsuku zakhe zokugcina eboshelwe endlini, ekhaya lakhe. Lapho Wafa ngokuzuma ngo-December 31, 1936.

Izincwadi zikaMiguel de Unamuno

Imicabango kanye nemigqa yefilosofi yomsebenzi wakhe

Unamuno nenkolo

Ukuphikisana phakathi kwenkolo, isayensi namandla emvelo wemvelo kuyizindikimba eziqhubekayo emsebenzini wakhe. Mayelana nalokhu, umbhali waseBasque uveze ukuthi:

“Umzamo wami bekungukuthi, uzoba njalo futhi uzoba njalo wokuthi labo abangifundayo bacabange futhi bazindle ngezinto ezibalulekile, futhi akukaze kube ukubanikeza imicabango eyiqiniso. Bengihlala njalo ngifuna ukuphazamisa, futhi, ikakhulukazi, ukuphakamisa kunokuba ngifundise ”.

Ngalo mqondo, u-Andrés Escobar V. uchaze ekuhlaziyweni kwakhe kwemibhalo (2013) ukuthi UMiguel de Unamuno “ukhombisa ukuthi ezincwadini nakwifilosofi impilo nokufa kuhlanganiswa kanjani kubo bonke ababamba iqhaza kukho (umbhali, abalingiswa nomfundi), njengokuphikisana kokuphila ngokwenza uhambo olubucayi olususelwa emiqondweni emithathu eyincwadi, ifilosofi nempilo ”.

Lesi sici sasibonakala ku Ukuthula empini (1897), isihloko sayo esivele sidala - ngaphandle kwesandulela - ukuphikisana ku-interlocutor. Isazi sefilosofi saseBasque sabhala kwesinye sezigaba zakhe:

“Ekwenzeni ubukhosi empilweni yakhe uPedro Antonio wayejabulela ubusha bemizuzu yonke, injabulo yokwenza izinto ezifanayo nsuku zonke nokugcwala kokulinganiselwa kwakhe.

Wazilahlekela ethunzini, wahamba wangabonwa, wajabulela, ngaphakathi kwesikhumba sakhe njengenhlanzi esemanzini, umfutho osondelene nempilo yomsebenzi, omnyama futhi uthule, ngokoqobo kwakhe, hhayi ekubukekeni kwabanye. Ubukhona bakhe bugeleza njengomfula omnene, kunamahemuhemu angazange ezwakale futhi angeke akubone kuze kube kuphazamiseka ”.

Unamuno ngokusho kukaLuis Jiménez Moreno

Ngokusho kukaLuis Jiménez Moreno waseComplutense University of Madrid, “u-Unamuno uphakamisa ifilosofi ebalulekile nebuhlungua olwazini lomuntu okhonkolo ekungenakwenzeka komuntu oqonda ngokuqonda ngenxa yokulwa okubi kwempilo ngesizathu, ngoba iqiniso yilona elisenza siphile, sifune iqiniso empilweni nasempilweni eqinisweni ”.

Ngenxa yalokho, impilo, ukufa kanye nesizathu kulawula imibono empini engahleliwe. futhi okungapheli okuveza inkinga yombhali uqobo. Ngokunjalo, ubunikazi nokudlula kufakazelwa ukuthi kunendawo ebalulekile emazwini ka-Unamuno. Lezi zici zisobala kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe wobuciko Inkungu (1914), lapho engamukeli khona isifiso "sokufuna ukuba ngomunye ukufuna ukuyeka ukuba yilowo".

Unamuno ngokusho kukaKatrine Helene Andersen

Ngokusho kukaKatrine Helene Andersen waseMariae Curie-Skłodowska University ePoland (2011), “… selokhu kwashicilelwa okokuqala, U-Unamuno ubonakala ezibuza imibuzo efuna impendulo ngesiqiniseko sokuphikisana okungenzeka kube khona. Emhlabeni casticism (1895) uhlanganisa ama-eseyi aveza ezinye zezinkinga ezibalulekile ezizothikameza umcabangi. "

Kule ndatshana U-Unamuno uxwayisa ngokuthi uncika endleleni “yokuvuma okuhlukile kokuphikisayo; kungcono ukugqamisa amandla okweqisa emphefumulweni womfundi ukuze imvelo ithathe impilo kuwo, okuwumphumela womzabalazo ”. Umbhali ubiza le nkinga yaphakade "isigqi sempilo."

Ngokufanayo, ukwenziwa kwemiqondo kusondela ngombono ominyene kakhulu ku- Umuzwa odabukisayo wokuphila (1912). Lapho, u-Unamuno uqinisekisa “umuntu, bathi, uyisilwane esinengqondo. Angazi ukuthi kungani kungashiwo ukuthi kuyisilwane esinemizwa noma esinemizwa ”. Kodwa-ke, umbhali ukucacisa ngokusobala okuqonde ngqo phakathi kwesidalwa esinengqondo kanye nekhono lokucabanga ngefilosofi, ekubeni yimfanelo enhle ehlobene nokufuna.

Kuyincwadi yefilosofi enemibono ephikisanayo ehlala ndawonye embhalweni ngokwemvelo, njengoba indima elandelayo ibonisa: “ukukholelwa ekungafini akunangqondo. Futhi-ke, ukholo, impilo, kanye nokuzindla kuyadingana. Lokhu kulangazelela okubalulekile akuyona inkinga efanele, akunakuthatha isimo esinengqondo, akunakubekwa ngeziphakamiso eziphikisanayo, kepha kubhekiswe kithi, njengoba kwenza indlala ”.

Unamuno, Ezothando Nezokufundisa

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, U-Unamuno ukhombisile kule noveli Ezothando Nezokufundisa (1902) ukuzethemba isayensi emnika kona lapho efaka imibono yakhe ekusebenzeni ngokusebenzisa "imfundo yezenhlalo." Yize ukuziphatha kwabesilisa nabesifazane kungahlukaniswa "ngomshado okwehlisayo", uthando lukhona njengaleyo nto engalindelekile eholela ekunqobeni kwamandla emvelo kunemiyalo yesayensi.

Unamuno, U-Abel Sánchez. Indaba yothando

Enye yemibhalo yakhe lapho ehlola khona izici zenhlalo namasiko aseSpain U-Abel Sánchez. Indaba yothando (1917). Kuyinoveli uhlelo lwayo olugxile ku- "cainism" (umona), olukwazi ukugqagqana ngisho nezimfanelo ezinhle kakhulu zabalingisi abaphambili luze luphele ebuthongweni obunamandla nobuyingozi kakhulu.

Izinkondlo nezincwadi zokuvakasha

Ngokuqondene nezinkondlo, u-Unamuno wakubona njengobuciko obukwazi ukubonisa ukukhathazeka kwakhe ngokomoya. Wathuthukisa izihloko ezifanayo ezindabeni zakhe: ukukhathazeka nobuhlungu obudalwa ukungabikho kukaNkulunkulu, ukuhamba kwesikhathi nokuqiniseka ngokufa. Lokhu kuthambekela kuboniswa ezincwadini ezinjenge I-Rosary yamanethi enomsindo (1911), UKristu waseVelázquez (1920), Imilolotelo evela ngaphakathi (1923) futhi Incwadi Yezingoma Zokudingiswa (1928), phakathi kwabanye.

Ekugcineni, Isici esingaziwa kangako sikaMiguel de Unamuno kwakuyizincwadi zakhe zokuhamba. Futhi akuvamile, ngoba ushicilele imibhalo engaphezu kwengxenye yedazini (ababili babo, kwesidumbu). Phakathi kwalokhu, okulandelayo kugqama: Amanothi ohambweni oluya eFrance, e-Italy naseSwitzerland (1889, iphrintiwe ngo-2017), Izingqophamhlaba (1902), Ngokudlula emazweni asePortugal naseSpain (1911) futhi IMadrid, uCastile (eshicilelwe ngo-2001).