UFriedrich Nietzsche ucaphuna
UFriedrich Nietzsche wayeyisazi sefilosofi, imbongi, isazi sefilosofi sakudala, umbhali, kanye noprofesa wasenyuvesi owazalelwa esifundeni sangaphambili sasePrussia. Umsebenzi wefilosofi kaNietzsche ube nethonya elikhulu emcabangweni nasekuziphatheni komphakathi wangaleso sikhathi. Ngokufanayo, lo profesa ucashunwa njalo emasikweni aseNtshonalanga, ngenxa yendlela akhuluma ngayo ngezihloko ezinjengenkolo noma isayensi.
Ezinye izihloko ezivela njalo ezincwadini zikaNietzsche inhlekelele, umlando, umculo kanye nobuciko nje jikelele.. Ezinye zezihloko ezifundwa kakhulu zalo mbhali yilezi Washo kanjalo uZarathustra, Ngaphandle Kokuhle Nokubi, El umphikukristu, isayensi yezitabane o Ohlwini Lozalo Lokuziphatha. UFriedrich, ngokungafani nabanye ngesikhathi sakhe, wethula isibalo esivamile sokuphila esahlela kabusha ukucabanga kwekhulu le-XNUMX.
I-Synopsis yemisebenzi ethandwa kakhulu kaFriedrich Nietzsche
Die fröhliche Wissenschaft - isayensi yezitabane (1882)
Le ncwadi yefilosofi kaNietzsche ivala isikhathi sakhe esibi—okungukuthi, ebhekisela ekugxekweni kwe-metaphysics yobuKristu—futhi ivula indlela eya kwesinye isigaba sakhe—lapho ezama khona ukwakha izindinganiso ezintsha. Encwadini, umbhali ukhuluma ngendlela ubuKristu obudala ngayo umbono ongekho ngomhlaba kanye nempilo ekuwo. UFriedrich wagomela ngokuthi le nkolo iwumbono wabantu ababuthaka abanezindinganiso zokuziphatha ezingabazekayo neziyinhlamba.
Ngalo mbhalo, umbhali ushiya etafuleni ukufa kwebutho elihlelekile lesiphithiphithi kanye nethuba, ukulahlekelwa kwe-axis emaphakathi. U-Nietzsche uphinde wembula i-psychology elawula isimo somuntu. Ngokuphambene nalokho okusikiselwa yinkolo, isayensi yezitabane uthi ubuKristu bunecala lokuthi abantu abakhululekile.
Futhi Sprach Zarathustra. Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen - Wakhuluma kanjalo uZarathustra. Incwadi yawo wonke umuntu futhi akekho (1883 - 1885)
Le noveli yefilosofi ithathwa njenge i-magnum opus we Nietzsche. Encwadini, umfundisi uveza imibono yakhe eyinhloko ngemicabango kaZarathustra, isazi sefilosofi esiqanjiwe esiphefumulelwe uZoroaster., umprofethi wasendulo wase-Iran owasungula iMazdaism. Umsebenzi wakhiwe izingxenye ezi-4, ezibuye zihlukaniswe zibe iziqephu eziningana.
Izindikimba eziyinhloko zale ncwadi yilezi: ukufa kukaNkulunkulu, i-Übermensch, intando yokuba namandla kanye nokubuya kokuphila okuphakade.. Kuze kube ingxenye yesithathu, izahluko zizimele komunye nomunye, futhi zingafundwa ngokwehlukana futhi ngendlela evumelana kakhulu nombhali. Kodwa-ke, isigaba sesine sinezindaba ezincane ezihlanganisayo ukudala indaba eyodwa ebalulekile.
Jenseits von Gut und Böse. I-Vorspiel einer Philosophie der Zukunft - Ngalé Kobuhle Nobubi. Isandulela sefilosofi yesikhathi esizayo (1886)
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi Ngaphandle Kokuhle Nokubi Ingenye yemibhalo emikhulu yekhulu le-XNUMX. Lesi sihloko sokuziphatha ingaphathwa kahle njengokucwengisiswa umqondo wefilosofi by Nietzsche, enyatheliswe enovelini Washo kanjalo uZarathustra. Umbhalo ukhokhelwe ngumbhali ngokwakhe, futhi awubanga nomthelela omkhulu ngesikhathi ushicilelwa. Nokho, kamuva kuzonikeza okuningi ukukhuluma ngakho.
Ecaleni, imbongi ithuthukisa ukugxeka ngalokho ebikubheka njengokungabi nandaba nokuziphatha kozakwabo. Ngokwezindlela zikaFriedrich, kwaba nokushoda okukhulu kwemigomo yalabo ababezibiza ngokuthi izazi zokuziphatha. Ngendlela efanayo, isazi sefilosofi sichaza ukuthi labo bantu babonisa ukungabi nandaba ngokumane bamukele isimilo sobuJuda nobuKristu esizuzwe njengefa kwezinye izikhathi.
Zur Genealogie der Morale: Eine Streitschrift - I-genealogy of moral: Umbhalo we-polemical (1887)
Enye yezinhloso eziyinhloko zale ncwadi yezimiso zokuziphatha kwakuwukubhekana ngqo nezindaba eziphakanyiswe endabeni. Ngaphandle Kokuhle Nokubi. Ngendlela enempikiswano ne-titanic, U-Nietzsche uqala ukugxeka ukuziphatha kwesikhathi ayephila kuso. Imbongi iwenze lo msebenzi ocwaningweni lwayo ngezimiso zokuziphatha ezibonakala zibusa emazweni aseNtshonalanga selokhu kwafika uMbuso. Ifilosofi socratic
UFriedrich uzibuza imibuzo eminingana esethulweni somsebenzi wakhe. Lezi ezinye zazo: “Kungaphansi kwaziphi izimo umuntu aziqambela lezi zinqumo zenani na?” “Ayini amazwi amahle nokubi?” “Futhi wona ngokwawo ananzuzoni na? Kuwo wonke umbhalo, umbhali uzama ukuphendula yonke le mibuzo ngemicabango yakhe ethile, okwakungenabo ubungane kakhulu nomqondo waphezulu.
Der Umphikukristu, Fluch auf das Christentum - Umphikukristu, uqalekise ubuKristu I-1888 - 1895
Naphezu kokuba yabhalwa ngo-1888, lo msebenzi wanyatheliswa ngo-1895, njengoba okuqukethwe kwawo kwakubhekwa njengokuphikisana kakhulu. Embhalweni, ukuhlaziya ubuKristu njengomqondo wembuleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umlobi ukhuluma ngemibono yesimanje efana nentando yeningi noma ukulingana, izindikimba ezazibonakala kuye njengomphumela oqondile womcabango wobuKristu, okwathi, uNietzsche wacabangela imbangela yabo bonke ububi.
Umbhali wendatshana waqinisekisa ukuthi ububi buyaqhubeka, abantu bayahlupheka, umuntu uyacindezelwa..., konke kungenxa yefilosofi yobuKristu nethonya layo. Umbhali usebenzisa umphostoli oNgcwele uPawulu njengesibonelo, owagqilaza uquqaba ukuze azuze amandla. Konke ukubhekisela kuma-socialists, awabiza ngokuthi "amaKrestu weqiniso amasha."
Umbhali wathi: “Uma isikhungo sokuphila sibekwe hhayi empilweni, kodwa "ngaphesheya" -ngelutho-, isusa empilweni bebonke isikhungo samandla adonsela phansi".
Mayelana nombhali, uFriedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche
Friedrich Nietzsche
UFriedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche wazalelwa eRöcken, ePrussia, ngo-1844. Ungumbhali wezindaba waseJalimane, imbongi, umqambi, uthisha, uchwepheshe wezifundo zakudala, nombhali, futhi ungomunye wezazi zefilosofi nabafundi ababaluleke kakhulu kusukela ekuqanjweni kwemisebenzi yakhe. . Ezimweni eziningi, Waziwa ngokuba necala lokugxeka okufundile emicabangweni yobuKristu, ngaphezu kwesiko nefilosofi yesikhathi sakhe.
Isazi sefilosofi sathonywa omunye uthisha omkhulu wama-nihilist: u-Arthur Schopenhauer, uNietzsche ayembheka njengothisha wakhe—nakuba engazange alandele imigqa nemicabango ka-Arthur:—.
NguFriedrich ohlonishwayo endaweni eyaziwayo: "UNkulunkulu ufile". Lesi sisho sisho ukucekelwa phansi kwezifunda zedolobha njengendlela kahulumeni kanye nomyalelo ababewuphethe ngokuzimela.
Ezinye Izincwadi Ze-Nietzsche Eziphawulekayo
- U-Über Wahrheit und Lüge im aussermoralischen Sinne - Ngeqiniso futhi amanga ngomqondo extramoral (1873);
- Menschliches, Allzumenschliches. Ein Buch für khulula Geister - Umuntu, wonke umuntu kakhulu. Incwadi yemimoya yamahhala (1878);
- Morgenröthe. Gedanken über die moraschen Vorurtheile - Ukucabanga ngokubandlululwa kokuziphatha (1881);
- Götzen-Dämmerung, oder: Wie man mit dem Hammer philosophirt - Ukushona kwelanga kwezithombe, noma indlela yokwenza ifilosofi ngokushaya kwesando (1889);
- Ecce Homo. Wie man wird, wayengumuntu ist - Ecce homo. Ungaba kanjani yilokho oyikho (1889).