Ukufunwa kwezincwadi ezihamba phambili ze-psychology kungenye yezinto ezicelwe kakhulu kubafundi abakhuluma iSpanishi. Emva kwakho konke, kumayelana nesayensi yengqondo; isiyalo esisuselwe kufilosofi futhi nesakhi saso esisemthethweni saqala ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le yamanje ihambisana nobuciko (ulwazi ngokuhlangenwe nakho), okuholele ekutadisheni kokuziphatha komuntu.
Ngenxa yalokho - uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye isayensi yezenhlalo - yindawo yolwazi yakamuva (ngaphandle kwalokhu kunciphisa i-iota yokubaluleka). Kulezi zinsuku, i-psychology ifaka phakathi izihlokwana eziningana (imitholampilo, ezenhlalo kanye nokuqonda, phakathi kwabanye), ezihlaziywe ngobuciko ezincwadini ezethulwe ezigabeni ezilandelayo.
Ukufuna Komuntu Injongo (1946), nguViktor Frankl
Yincwadi ethengiswa kakhulu kunazo zonke eAmazon esigabeni se-psychology, esaziwa ngazwi linye ngongoti nomphakathi jikelele. Hhayi ngeze ihunyushelwe ezilimini ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu futhi ithonya layo elikhulu liyaziwa (ikakhulukazi e-United States). Konke lokhu kubongwa ebufakazini obunzima nobunethemba obuboniswe ngumbhali ngendoda ebhekene nokuhlangenwe nakho okweqile.
Ukuphikisana nesakhiwo
Inicio
UDoctor of Psychology V. Frankl wahlukanisa incwadi yakhe ngezigaba ezintathu. Zihlelwe ngokolwazi lwazo ekamu lokuhlushwa amaNazi kanye nokubukwa okusondele kwengqondo yomuntu. Engxenyeni yokuqala i-horror iqoqwa lokufika ensimini kanye ukushaqeka kwabaningi lapho behlushwa ukuhlukunyezwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo.
Ngakho-ke inselelo ye-psyche isesimweni sesinqumo phakathi kokuzibulala noma ukumelana kuze kube sekupheleni, noma yini eyenzekayo. TOisimo esinje sivela njengesisekelo esingahlanzekile njengoba singeke sathandeka: "umuntu uyisidalwa esingajwayela noma yini."
Ukuthuthukiswa
Okulandelayo, umfundi uthola isigaba sesibili esibhekise empilweni yabo yansuku zonke ngaphakathi emkhakheni. Ukwenza lokhu, ngezindaba ezinzima ezibonisa ukufa kwemizwa. Ngendlela efanayo, lesi sigaba sikhombisa ukulangazelela ikhaya kanye nokungabi nalusizo okubangelwa ukwehlukana komuntu.
Ngaphansi kwalesi simo esiphikisanayo sokulahleka komuntu ngamunye, isipiliyoni sabacindezelwe ukwenqatshwa okunengqondo kwendawo esabekayo ehlala manje. Mayelana nalokhu, umbhali uzwakalisa: «... ukunengeka, isihawu nokwethuka kwakuyimizwa umbukeli wethu ayengasayizwa».
Ukuvala
Isigaba sesithathu - esengqondo ngokwedlulele - sikhuluma ngesimo sezifundo ngemuva kwenkululeko. Lapha, umbhali uzama ukuveza imizwa yalabo abasindisiwe, abahlupheka ngohlobo lokungazenzi olungenakugwemeka ngenxa yalokho abakubonile. Abasindile baba ngabantu abahluke kakhulu, bathola enye into yokwesaba, ukuhlupheka, inkululeko kanye nokuzibophezela.
Uhlakaniphile ngokomzwelo (1995), nguDaniel Goleman
Le ncwadi eyashicilelwa maphakathi nawo-90s yenza umbhali wayo waduma umhlaba wonke ngokwethula ukubukeka kwanoveli emqondweni wendabuko wobunhloli. Isiphakamiso sikaGoleman ukunikeza indawo ekhethekile kwimizwa yomuntu ngaphakathi kwesizinda somqondo.. Ngakho-ke, ukuphikelela kwakhe ekubuyisaneni phakathi kwezobunhloli kanye Ngabajabulisangokusebenzisa isifundo sobuchopho nemvelo yezenhlalo.
Ukubheka
Ukufaka ukuhlakanipha okungokomzwelo kuyadingeka ukufuna ibhalansi ngokuya ngemicabango enengqondo ehlanganiswe nokubaluleka kwemizwa (ukuqonda). Ngakho-ke, umbhali usungula ukuthi akukhona ukuphika noma ukuzama ukuqeda imizwa yabantu.
Okwamanje, into esemqoka ukuqonda ngokuqonda imizwa ngaphakathi kwezindiza ezahlukahlukene ezithinta umuntu (uqobo, umndeni kanye nochwepheshe). Kubonwe kanjena, Umqondo ohlongozwayo kaGoleman uveza ukubaluleka kokuzazi ngokuya ngokuya kangcono, ukuze uthole impilo engcono.
Isakhiwo, inhloso nolimi
Owayenguprofesa we Amaphrojekthi weHarvard amakhono amahlanu amahle ukuthuthuka ngokuhlakanipha ngokomzwelo. Lokhu yikho: ukuzazi, ukulawula imizwa, ukugqugquzela okungaphakathi, uzwela nokuzijabulisa. Lapho kuqondwa umqondo omusha wezobunhloli - hhayi ukuphela kwawo kuphela - ngokubona uhlangothi oluzimele noluthintekayo lomuntu njengesici esinqumayo.
Ngenxa yalokho, enye indlela inikezwa esihlokweni ukuthi iphile futhi ihlalisane naye kanye nabanye. Ekugcineni, le ncwadi ingaqondakala ngokwendlela ekhethekile yokusebenza kwengqondo. Ngenkathi ulimi olusetshenzisiwe lusiza ukuqonda komphakathi jikelele.
Ukukhuluma ngokwengqondo (2016), ngu-Adrián Triglia, uBertrand Regader noJonathan García-Allen
Indlela
Ukungena emhlabeni we-psychology, indlela ecacile ibalulekile, kepha kude nemibono noma imiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi. Lesi yisiphakamiso sabalobi be- Ukukhuluma ngokwengqondo, incwadi enesibukezo esibanzi se-psychology equkethe ukubheka emuva kusuka kumvelaphi yayo kuze kube manje.
Ngakho-ke Kuyinto ekahle ongayifunda futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, ivumela ukufundwa okudlala noma okungahleliwe. Ngokunjalo, ukuthuthukiswa kombhalo kuphakamisa imibuzo enjengokuthi: iyini Psychology? noma i-psychology isayensi ngomqondo oqinile waleli gama? Ngalezi zizathu, kuyincwadi ekahle yokuqala kulwazi lwalesi siyalo.
Ubulukhuni besayensi nolimi
Ababhali bayakwazi ukugcina ubulukhuni obudingekayo besayensi kanye nolimi okulula ukuluqonda kuzo zonke izinhlobo zabafundi. Ngokulinganayo, izincazelo ze-didactic zichaza ngobuciko izikole ezahlukahlukene zalesi siyalo kanye nabacwaningi bayo abakhulu kanye nentuthuko etholakele kakhulu nokutholakele.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lencwadi ifaka ukuvela kwe-etymological kwamagama athile. Kepha akuyona nje kuphela uhlu lwamagama nemiqondo, ngoba kulo lonke umbhalo ababhali baveza imibono yabo ngalolu daba. Ngayinye yale mibono ihambisana nokuhlaziywa kwayo ngokuqhathanisa. yemiqondo eyisisekelo yokusebenza kwengqondo.
Inhloso ephindwe kabili yabalobi
Ukukhuluma ngokwengqondo iphenya ubudlelwano obungaphakathi kokuziphatha komuntu nokusebenza kwengqondo njengengxenye yezinto eziphilayo nezingokwengqondo. Ngakho-ke, ukufaneleka okukhulu kwabalobi kuthole ukuxubana okungavamile ezincwadini zesayensi: ihlose ukufundisa nokusabalalisa ngokuthula.
Ezinye izincwadi ezinconyelwa kakhulu zesayikholoji
- Ukulalela igunya (1974), nguStanley Milgram.
- Izindawo zakho ezimbi (1976) nguWayne Dyer.
- Thanda noma uncike (1999), nguWalter Riso.
- Umphumela kaLucifer (2007), nguPhillip Zimbardo.