Umthomboovejuna
Umthomboovejuna iyi-tragicomedy ehlukaniswe yaba izenzo ezintathu. Lo mdlalo walotshwa phakathi ne-Golden Age—ikakhulukazi, phakathi kuka-1612 no-1614—umbhali wemidlalo waseSpain uLope de Vega. Kamuva, umbhalo wanyatheliswa ngo-1619, ngaphakathi I-Dozena sic Ingxenye Yamahlaya ka-Lope de Vega. Le ncwadi ithathwa njengenye yezingcezu ezimangalisayo zombhali, kanye nezihloko ezinjengokuthi I-Commander of Ocaña kanye neMeya engcono kakhulu, inkosi y i-peribanez.
Njengemisebenzi eminingi yomlobi kanye nembongi yesiNgisi uWilliam Shakespeare, Umthomboovejuna isibe yisithombe somzabalazo womphakathi: okwabantu abahlanganayo ukuze kuqedwe ukungabi nabulungiswa okubalimazayo nokubalulaza, bebe besusa isithunzi nokubaluleka kwabo.
Isifinyezo se- Umthomboovejuna
Isenzo sokuqala (Indlela yokwenza, izigcawu eziyi-12)
isigebengu esingavamile
Umthomboovejuna Isekelwe kumongo wangempela womlando. Isebenza ngesikhathi samakhosi amaKatolika, u-Isabel noFernando—1474-1516—. Iziza ezimbili, esomphakathi kanye nesopolitiki, ziyahlangana futhi zibhekelele imicimbi. Lokhu kwenzeka edolobheni laseCordoba eFuente Obejuna. Empeleni, ukulandisa kulandela uMlawulimabutho Fernán Gómez de Guzmán, ose-Almagro, ngenkathi exoxa nomphathi waseCalatrava.
UFernán ukhathazekile ngokuqala kwempi. Inkosi isanda kushona futhi kukhona amaqembu amabili afuna ukuthweswa indlovukazi entsha: udadewabo u-Isabel, kanye nendodakazi yakhe okuthiwa uJuana. Kulungele uGómez de Guzmán ukuthi uJuana aqokweNgenxa yalesi sizathu, uya kubona inkosi yaseCalatrava, ukuze amkholise ukuba alwe eceleni kwakhe.
Le ndoda iyingxenye yenhlangano yenkolo enethonya eyenqaba ukulalela imiyalo yanoma iyiphi inkosi, ngoba ingokoNkulunkulu wayo kuphela. Noma kunjalo, Ngemva kokudlala ngamagama, uFernán uyamncenga ukuba ajoyine injongo yakhe.
E-Obejuna Fountain
E-Fuente Obejuna kunezakhamuzi ezingu-500 kuphela, futhi ukuphila ngokuvamile kuhamba ngokuzolile. La mazwe angaphansi komqhele waseSpain, kodwa amakhosi avumela uMkhuzi Wokuphila ukuthi awasebenzise ukuze athole ukuvikelwa kwezempi. Nokho, UFernán akazivikeli izakhamuzi, kunalokho uyabahlukumeza. Kukulo mongo lapho sihlangana khona noPascuala noLaurencia.
Owokugcina uyindodakazi yeMeya u-Esteban. Lezi zintokazi ziphawula ukuthi sezikhathele yindlela uMkhuzi aphatha ngayo abantu besifazane, amsebenzisa ngaphandle kokubandlulula ukuze anelise izifiso zakhe zenyama. Ngokuvamile, uFernán usebenzisa ilungelo le-seigneur - uthumba abasanda kushada futhi abaphoqelele ukuba babelane ngombhede wakhe. Lena indlela yokuqhubekisela phambili ukuthotshiswa kwabakhileyo.
Ukuthathwa kweCiudad Real
UMkhuzi nezinceku zakhe bafika eFuente Obejuna phakathi nengxoxo yezintokazi, ngokuziqhenya ethi ukunqoba kwakhe ku-Ciudad Real. Ekuqaleni, izakhamuzi zashayela ihlombe isenzo sakhe. Nokho, le ndoda inquma ukuzivuza ngokuthumba uLaurencia noPascuala. Izintokazi ziyamelana zibaleke. UFernán uyamangala futhi uthukuthele.
Ngaphakathi, unomuzwa wokuthi kuyilungelo lakhe, nokuthi akasoze awukhohlwa ukudelela okunjalo. Okwamanje, umzenzisi wesihlalo sobukhosi, u-Isabel, nomyeni wakhe uFernando, banquma ukuthumela ibutho labo ukuze babuyisele i-Ciudad Real, ukuze kugwenywe ukufinyelela kwamasosha kaJuana nabalingani bakhe. UFernán uyakuziba lokhu, ngoba uzizwa enqobile. Kamuva, uMkhuzi uthola uLaurencia ehlathini.
Ukungqubuzana nezithandani
UFernán ukholelwa ukuthi uLaurencia uyedwa, kodwa ukanye nesithandwa esisencane okuthiwa uFrondoso. Emizuzwini edlule, umfana wancenga le ntokazi ukuba ishade kanye nje, kodwa ayizange ifune, ngoba icabanga ukuthi kufanele balinde bese becela imvume kuyise. Ezwe ihhashi likaMkhuzi, uFrondoso ucashe ngemuva kwezihlahla.
Ngemuva kwalokho UFernán uya kuLaurencia futhi ambeke ekhoneni ngomnsalo wakhe ophambene.. Nokho, ULeafy ushiya indawo yakhe yokucasha, athathe isikhali asibhekise kuMphathi, athi asikhulule isithandwa sakhe. Khona-ke indoda isala ingenalutho ngaphandle kokubaleka ngezinyawo, ilulazekile futhi ingahlomile.
Umthetho Wesibili (Ifindo, izigcawu eziyi-17)
Ngemuva kwesikhathi, abantu besigodi baba nomhlangano. Bakhuluma ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene futhi abakwazi ukugwema ukuphawula ngemizamo yokudlwengula uLaurencia abhekana nayo. Uma iMeya ithola ngesikhalo, uMkhuzi ubuyela edolobheni, ahlangane nabantu bakhona ngokusaba. UFernán Gómez ubakhumbuza ukuthi abanalo udumo lokuba abantu abavamile.
Ubachazela nokuthi amakhosikazi abo kufanele azizwe enenhlanhla ngokunakwa. Ngenkathi uMkhuzi exoxa nezinceku zakhe ukuthi kungani abantu basesigodini sebevukela kangaka, Izindaba ezintsha ziyeza: UCiudad Real utholwe ngu-Isabel noFernandoNgakho uFernán uyagijima ukuze ahlole ukuthi kwenzekeni.
Kwabangane abahle nokulwa isikhathi eside
ULaurencia noPascuala baphambi kwechibi, bekanye nensizwa ehlekisayo okuthiwa uMengo. Bavume kuye indlela abamesaba ngayo uMkhuzi. Ngalesi sikhathi, ULaurencia naye uyakuqinisekisa ukuthi uFrondoso uyindoda enkulu, futhi uyasincoma isibindi amvikela ngaso., nakuba engakakulungeli ukumnika isandla sakhe. Ngemva kwemizuzu, kufika esinye isakhamuzi okuthiwa uJacinta. Lo wesifazane ubalekela amadoda kaMkhuzi, amjaha efuna ukumdlwengula.
Ngokulandelayo, uMengo ucela abesifazane ukuba babaleke. Khonamanjalo, usale ukuvikela uJacinta. Into yokuqala ayizamayo ukukhuluma namadoda kaFernán Gómez, kodwa lokhu akusebenzi. Abasizi bamshaya indiva uMengo futhi bamjezisa ngemivimbo ngokuzama ukuphikisa. Ngemva, Bathumba u-Jacinta futhi bamlahle ngokuthanda kwakhe, okuthukuthelisa idolobha lonke.
Umshado kaMkhuzi nokuziphindiselela
Imeya kanye nabantu kaFuente Obejuna baxoxe ngezenzo ezimbi zikaMkhuzi, bancenge uhambe kahle yini isabella —isitha sikaJuan futhi, ngenxa yalokho, sikaFernán Gómez— ukunqoba impi, ngoba kwakuyoba indlela yokukhulula abantu osizini lwabo. Kamuva, uFrondoso ukhuthazwa ukuba avakashele u-Esteban ukuze acele isandla sikaLaurencia. Umphathi-dolobha, ebona inhliziyo enhle yomfana, uyamukela ngenjabulo.
Ngemva kwesikhashana bahlela umshado. Ngenkathi lokhu kwenzeka, UMkhuzi uthukuthele: Amasosha ka-Isabel ayinqobile impi, futhi inkosi kaCalatrava imtshela ukuthi uzobuyela kubantu bakubo, ashiye umfelandawonye wakhe ngemuva. Ebona ukuthi yonke into ayihambanga kahle, uFernán ubuyela eFuente Obejuna ayoyikhipha edolobheni.
Kulokho okubonakala, uhlangana nomshado kaLaurencia noFrondoso. Ebuswa intukuthelo, ubopha isoka bese ethumba intombi. Lapho umphathi-dolobha u-Esteban ebhekana noFernán Gómez, u-Comendador uhlwitha induku yakhe bese eqala ukumshaya ngayo. Zonke izakhamuzi zithukuthele, kodwa zesaba kakhulu ukusho lutho.
Isenzo sesithathu (I-denouement, izigcawu ezingama-25)
Ukuhlubuka
Lapho uMkhuzi ehamba nabathumbi bakhe, abahlali basedolobheni bahlangane emhlanganweni ongajwayelekile. Bakhathele yizenzo ezimbi zikaFernán, futhi banquma ukuyiqeda ngokushesha le nkinga.. Abanye abantu bayavuma ukuthi kufanele balishiye idolobha, abanye, ukuthi ikhambi elingcono kakhulu ukuya phambi kwamakhosi ukuze aqede uFernán Gómez. Alikho elinikeza ikhambi elingokoqobo.
bese kuba abampofu ULaurencia ivela phakathi neseshini, ishayiwe futhi ingcolile. Wayezabalaze namadoda kaMphathi, ayemshaya kabuhlungu. Nokho, intombazane wakwazi ukuphunyuka ephila. Abancane abhekane nezakhamizi. Kuye, bonke bangamagwala avumela uFernán ukuba afinyelele lokho kweqisa, ebakhumbuza ngawo wonke amaphutha enziwa yile ndaba.
Ukuziphindiselela, isixazululo nesijeziso
U-Laurencia, ethukuthele, uphakamisa isisombululo esidlulele: bulala uMkhuzi. Izakhamuzi zidubula ngenkulumo yakhe ekhuthazayo, futhi zilungiselela ngezikhali nezimbaqa ukuzingela lesi silo. Bonke abakhileyo—abesilisa, abesifazane, abadala nabancane—baya endlini kaGómez, emaphethelweni edolobha. Aqale uMkhuzi akabanaki. Ukhipha umyalelo wokuthi alengise uFrondoso futhi ehlise umoya isixuku.
Kodwa akukho kulokhu okunendawo ngaleso sikhathi. Izakhamuzi zihlasela umuzi zibulale izinceku. UMkhuzi, ebona ubukhulu bengozi, unquma ukuxoxisana, futhi ubanikeze ukukhululwa kweFrondoso. Noma kunjalo, lapho umfana ekhululwa ungena esixukwini. Izakhamuzi zaseFuente Obejuna zibhidliza indlu kaFernán. Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, ekugcineni, bonke bayambulala umuntu owabaphatha kabi izikhathi eziningi.
Umbulali kwakunguFuente Obejuna
Ngemva kokubulala uMkhuzi, idolobha lonke libulala abalandeli abasele. Bonke labo abathukuthelisa uJacinta, babhaxabula uMengo nezinye izixhwanguxhwangu, baqedwa; Nokho, enye yezinceku zikaFernán ezithembeke kakhulu iyakwazi ukuphunyuka. Indoda ifika ku-Isabel noFernando, futhi icela izethameli. Eselimele, uxoxa indaba ngombono wakhe, efuna kubulawe umbulali kanye nesijeziso esiyisibonelo sedolobha.
Amakhosi ayavumelana nalokhu, ngakho athumela ijaji elingumphenyi ukuba liyophenya ngale ndaba. Esigodini, abantu bagubha ukufa kukaFernán Gómez nokunqoba kwamakhosi amaKatolika. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umshado phakathi kukaLaurencia noFrondoso uphelile.
Isinqumo, ukunqoba okuhle
Abantu basola ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi kuzofika isithunywa samakhosi sizobabuza ngaleli cala. Ngokunikezwa lokhu, bahlela ukuthi wonke umuntu uzophendula athini uma ebuzwa ukuthi ngubani umbulali. Ifika ijaji libabuza ngokufa kukaFernán, lapho ehlala ethola impendulo efanayo eyinqaba: "UFuente Obejuna ukwenzile, mnumzane." Njengoba ingekho enye impendulo, le ndoda inquma ukuhlukumeza.
U-Pascuala uboshelwe ku-rack, Mengo, walengiswa. Kuhlukunyezwa ikhehla nengane. Kungakhathaliseki usizi lwabantu abangu-300 abangcolile, zonke izakhamizi ziyaphinda: "UFuente Obejuna ukwenzile, mnumzane." Ijaji lihlatshwe umxhwele yinyunyana nokuzimisela kwezakhamuzi, ngaleyo ndlela zibuya zilambatha. Ngemva kwalokho, wethula umbiko wakhe emakhosini.
ukuxolelwa noma ukufa
Ijaji likhumbuza amakhosi abo Unezinketho ezimbili kuphela: kumbe uthethelele kubantu abavamile, o Les bayabulala kubo bonke. Ngaleso sikhathi, amakhosi acela ukuba khona kommangalelwa.
Uma abantu bendawo befika esigodlweni, bamangazwa ubuhle bendawo. Ngakho, U-Isabel ebuza ukuthi ngabe labo bantu abahlukumezayo, futhi laba bachazela indlovukazi bonke ububi uMkhuzi ababangela bona, babubambe ngokuqinile impendulo kunikezwe iJaji: lokho KwakunguFuente Obejuna owabulala uFernán.
Amakhosi ayamangala ngenxa yamandla amakhulu abantu. Ngemva kokubonisana, banquma ukubasindisa bonke. Owabo uPhakamani wengeza ngokuthi, okwamanje, ngeke banikezwe uMkhuzi, futhi izindawo zizosetshenziswa amakhosi kuphela. Abantu basedolobheni basijabulele lesi sinqumo, njengoba bethanda ababusi babo abasha.
Mayelana nombhali, u-Félix Lope de Vega
UFeliks Lope de Vega Carpio Wazalwa ngo-1562, eMadrid, eSpain. Ungomunye wababhali abamele kakhulu beSpanish Golden Age. Ngendlela efanayo, ukuchuma komsebenzi wakhe kwenza iVega ibe ngomunye wababhali bemidlalo abafaneleka kakhulu kuzo zonke izincwadi zomhlaba wonke.
Ngokuvamile kubhekwa ukuthi uLope de Vega -I-phoenix yama-wits- wayengomunye wabahlaziyi abakhulu be-Spanish Baroque. Lo mbhali futhi ubengomunye wababhali bezingoma abakhulu kakhulu olimini lweSpanishi. Ngenxa yekhono lakhe elikhulu lokudala, wabhala amanoveli nezihloko ezilandisayo eziningi nge-prose nevesi. Lesi sici sihlala sikhona, futhi siyaqhubeka nokumelwa kumatiyetha emhlabeni jikelele.
Eminye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yeLope de Vega
- Isithandwa esiqondayo (1604);
- Insimbi yaseMadrid (1608);
- Intokazi eyisiwula (1613);
- Inja emkhombeni (1618);
- isijeziso ngaphandle kokuziphindiselela (1631).
isifinyezo esihle kakhulu emhlabeni