Lope de Vega: Biography

U-Lope de Vega ungomunye wamaqhawe ezincwadi ngolimi lwesiCastilian. Igama lakhe—kanye nezibalo ezivelele ezinjengoCervantes, Quevedo, Góngora noMolina, phakathi kwabanye—lingomunye wabalingiswa abavelele benkathi ebizwa ngeSpanishi Golden Age. Leli khulu leminyaka (eqinisweni elalingaphezulu noma ngaphansi ukusuka ku-1492 kuya ku-1681) lithathwa njengelona elinenqubekelaphambili enkulu yobuciko nemibhalo eSpain.

Eqanjwe ngokuthi "i-Fénix de los Ingenios", wayazi ukuthi angazuza kanjani ukuqashelwa kwezikhulu zaseSpain zangaleso sikhathi naphezu kwezingxabano zakhe.. Ngaphezu kwalokho, azikho izenzakalo ezimbalwa ezeqa izindinganiso zomphakathi ayehileleke kuzo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wayaziwa kabanzi ngezici zakhe njengomnqobi, umfundisi, umshushisi kanye nomlobi ocebile (wagcwalisa imibhalo engaphezu kwenkulungwane).

Ukuzalwa, umndeni, ubuntwana kanye nobusha

Novemba 25, 1562 (abanye osomlando bakhombisa ukuthi kwakunguDisemba 2) UFélix Lope de Vega y Carpio weza emhlabeni, esifubeni somndeni othobekile owawuseMadrid.. Abazali bakhe, abadabuka ezintabeni zaseCantabrian, kwakunguFélix de Vega—ochwepheshe bezokwakha kabusha—noFrancisca Fernández Flórez. Uphinde waba nezingane zakubo ezine: uFrancisco, uJuliana, uLuisa noJuan.

Ngokwe-San Sebastián Archive, bekukhona abanye odade ababili: u-Catalina no-Isabel. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, UVega wachitha ubuntwana bakhe eSeville, kanye nomalume wakhe —umhloli wedolobha lase-Andalusia—uDon Miguel Carpio. Khona-ke, wabuyela eMadrid lapho eneminyaka eyishumi ubudala ukuze aqale imfundo ehloniphekile e-Colegio Imperial.

Ingane encane

El Phoenix weWits wayeyingane ekhanyayo ngempela; kusukela esemncane wayesekwazi kakade ukufunda iSpanishi nesiLatini (ngaphezu kokuhumusha okwakamuva). Ngaleso sikhathi wabuye waphothula ukubhala kwakhe kwasekuqaleni (ikakhulukazi amahlaya afana nala Isitshalo se-Hyacinth, Ngokwesibonelo). Ngemva kokuzalwa kwakhe kweshumi nanhlanu, waqala izifundo zesikole samabanga aphezulu e-University of Alcalá.

Omusha ophilayo, mfundi waphakade

Ngo-1678 uyise washona; khona-ke, uFeliksi wabonisa ukuziphatha okuvukelayo futhi wabaleka —ephelezelwa u-Hernando Muñoz, umngane oseduze— wekhaya lomndeni. Naphezu “kwesimo esibi” esinjalo, wayesalangazelela ulwazi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, wajulisa ulwazi lwakhe lwezibalo nesayensi yezinkanyezi ngaphansi kokuqeqeshwa kukaJuan Bautista Labaña, isazi sezinkanyezi esikhulu kunazo zonke sikaFelipe II.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, U-Lope wafunda i-Liberal Arts noJuan de Córdoba, i-philology ne-Theatines futhi wayengunobhala we-Marquis of Navas. Ukukhuluma iqiniso, ukufa kuphela okwamisa imikhuba yokuphenya yongqondongqondo base-Iberia ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Ngokuhambisanayo, wayehlale eyimbongi enobuthakathaka obusobala kakhulu kwabesifazane kanye nezigigaba.

uthando nokuhamba

isithandwa saphakade

Umuntu wokuqala owaziwayo u-Lope de Vega kwakungu-María de Aragón, azala naye indodakazi, uManuela (1581 - 1586). Cishe ngonyaka we-1582, umbhali waba nobudlelwano no-Elena Osorio, intokazi eshadile. Nokho, lapho enza ngokusemthethweni ukuhlukana nomyeni wakhe—umlingisi uCristóbal Calderón—ekuqaleni kuka-1588, wancamela ukushada nendoda ecebile.

Umsebenzi wezempi nokudingiswa

Ngo-1582, umbhali waseMadrid wathuthela e-Azores ukuze abhalisele ukuthunyelwa (okwathatha isikhathi esingaphansi konyaka) ukusuka eMarquis yaseSanta Cruz kuya eTerceira. Kamuva, wabhalisa njengevolontiya e-Great Army ekupheleni kukaMeyi 1588, leli butho lanqotshwa amasosha aseLusitanian.

Ekupheleni kohambo, uLope de Vega wazinza eValencia nomkakhe, u-Isabel de Urbina., ashada naye ngo-May 10, 1588. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayesexoshiwe eCortes yaseMadrid iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili kanye nemibili eMbusweni waseCastile. Isizathu: umelele ngokungafanele u-Elena Osorio esiqeshini esimangalisayo lapho ehlushwa ukudumala okuchazwe esigabeni esandulele.

Eminye imibhangqwana, abathandi kanye nenzalo yomlobi ovelele waseSpain

U-Isabel de Urbina wamzalela amadodakazi amabili: u-Antonia (1589 - 1594) noTeodora (1594 - 1596); ukuzalwa kwalo muva kwabangela ukushona kukanina. Ngo-1598, uLope waphinde washada - ukuze kube lula, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando ezithile - uJuana de Guardo., owashona ngemva kokubeletha ngo-1613. UJacinta (1599), uCarlos Félix (1606 - 1612) noFeliciana (1613 - 1633) bazalwa kulowo mshado.

Okwamanje, UVega wayengumthandi kaDoña Antonia Trillo de Armenta kanye nomlingisi oshadile uMicaela de Luján. Ngotolika wazala okungenani izingane ezinhlanu (ezingaqinisekiswa): u-Ángela, uMariana, uFélix, uMarcela no-Lope Félix. Omunye umlingani odumile womlobi kwakunguMarta de Nevares, futhi ngenxa yalobo buhlobo u-Antonia Clara wazalwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingane ezimbili ezingaziwa omama bazo zaziwa:

• UFernando Pellicer;
• UFray Luis kaMama kaNkulunkulu.

Umsebenzi obhaliwe

Njengabanye ababhali besikhathi sakhe, I-Lope de Vega ingene ngokungafanele kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemibhalo ngempumelelo esobala. Eqinisweni, ngaphambi kokuba abe neminyaka engu-30 ubudala wayesevele engumlingiswa odume kakhulu endaweni yase-Iberia. Kulokhu, i-Cervantes iwufanelekele njenge I-galatea njengenye yezigayo eziphawuleka kakhulu eSpain.

I-prose evelele kakhulu ye-Lope de Vega

• I-Arcadia (1598), inoveli yakhe yokuqala, ihlanganisa izinkondlo eziningana ngesimo sobufundisi;
• Umhambi ezweni lakubo (1604), inoveli yaseByzantine;
• Kwabelusi baseBetlehema (1612), inoveli yobufundisi enezinkondlo eziningi zesakramente;
• IDorotea (1632); umbhalo we-prose one-anthology yezinkondlo ebanzi lapho ethula khona lokho okubizwa ngokuthi uhlobo lwe-celestinesco (olusuka emdlalweni wamahlaya wesintu).

Amazwi kaLope de Vega

Imbongi eyazalelwa eMadrid yasebenzisa izitayela eziningi lapho ihlanganisa izinkondlo zayo futhi ilinganisela ngokulinganayo izitayela ezahlukene. Ngokwalesi sizathu, emsebenzini wakhe kwakukhona indawo ye-culterana metric (ethonywe uLuis de Góngora) futhi, ngokuhambisana, namazwi womculo adumile. Nokho, kudingekile ukucacisa ukuthi wayehlale evikela "ivesi elicacile".

Ngokufanayo, emazwini akhe kuyenzeka uthole izinkondlo ezinabile ezinephimbo elilandisayo elingahlanganisa amagama aphikisayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imbongi yaseSpain ayizange ingangabazi ukusebenzisa amamitha ahlukene nezinhlobo ezinkondlweni zayo ezinesakhiwo esifushane. Ngezansi izingqikithi ezihlolwe ngu-Lope de Vega ezinkondlweni zakhe ezinde (nezibonelo ezithile):

• ama-epics: I-Dragontea (1598), I-Gatomachy (1634);
• Ezenkolo: Isidro (1599), walinqoba iJerusalema (1609), thanda ukukhuluma yedwa (1626);
• Inganekwane: i-andromeda (1621), Umbuthano (1624).

Izinkondlo ezimfushane ezaziwa kakhulu zika-Lope de Vega

• Imilolotelo (1602);
• Imilolotelo Engcwele (1604);
• i-ballad yokomoya (1619);
• Ukunqoba kwaphezulu neminye imilolozelo engcwele (1625);
• Imilolozelo yabantu neyaphezulu yommeli u-Tomé de Burguillos (1634);
• I-Vega yaseParnassus (1637), eshicilelwe post-mortem.

Ezinye izinkondlo zikaLope de Vega

"Kusuka ku-Andromeda"

Eboshelwe olwandle u-Andromeda wakhala,
amazolo avuleka amazolo,
ukuthi emagobolondweni abo afakwe engilazini ebandayo,
ngembewu candid amaparele enana.

Aqabule unyawo, athambe amatshe
thoba ulwandle njengomfula omncane,
ukushintsha ilanga libe yihlobo lasentwasahlobo,
emi esiqongweni sayo wazindla.

Izinwele emoyeni oshisayo,
bamncenga ukuba amembese ngazo.
njengoba ufakazi wayekhuluma okufanayo,

nomona ngokubona umzimba wakhe omuhle,
amaNereid acela ukuphela kwawo,
ukuthi basekhona abanomona ngamashwa.

"Oh, ukuba wedwa okubuhlungu"

Oh, ukuba wedwa okubuhlungu
kaPhillies wami omuhle,
ukuxoshwa kusetshenziswe kahle
kokubi ngimenze khona!

iminyaka yami iyaguga
kulezi zintaba owazibonayo.
lowo ohlupheka njengetshe
kuhle ukuthi kuhlale ematsheni.

Oh amahora abuhlungu
ngihluke kanjani
lowo ongibone ngisuka kuye!

Ngikhalela wena ngasiphi isizathu,
imicabango yobusha
ukuthi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yami
Ngasekupheleni ungikhohlisile!

isithombe sesandla esibi,
isikhathi esishintshayo ongenze ngaso
alikho igama abangazi
nakuba ungibheka kancane.

Oh amahora abuhlungu
ngihluke kanjani
lowo ongibone ngisuka kuye!

Incwadi ibilokhu isolisa,
lokho kusebenza okucacile nokumnyama,
ukuthi ngenxa yokungasuli konke,
ngaphezulu kubhalwe phezu.

Ngezinye izikhathi ngicabanga ukuthi ngingomunye umuntu
kuze kungitshele ubuhlungu
lowo ohlupheka kangaka
ukuba omunye umuntu kwakungenakwenzeka.

Oh amahora abuhlungu
ngihluke kanjani
lowo ongibone ngisuka kuye!

"Umuntu Ofayo"

Umuntu ofayo obaba bangizala,
umoya ovamile nokukhanya okuvela ezulwini kwanikeza,
futhi izwi lami lokuqala izinyembezi kwaba,
ukuthi amakhosi angena kanjalo emhlabeni.

Umhlaba nosizi kwangangatha,
izindwangu, hhayi isikhumba noma izimpaphe, bangisonga;
ngesivakashi sempilo bangibhalela,
futhi amahora nezinyathelo zingibalile.

Ngakho ngiqhubeka nosuku
ekungafi komphefumulo,
ukuthi umzimba kawulutho, njalo uzenzisa.

Isiqalo nesiphetho sinokuphila,
ngoba ukungena kwawo wonke umuntu kuyefana,
futhi ngokusho okokufaka okukhiphayo.

Idrama

Ungqondongqondo waseMadrid wayengumsunguli weqiniso wenkundla yeshashalazi yaseSpain. Phakathi kwezisekelo ezintathu zesakhiwo -isenzo, isikhathi nendawo—, U-Lope weluleka kuphela ukuhlonipha owokuqala ukuze kugcinwe ukwethembeka. Esikhundleni salokho, unikeze ukunakwa okukhulu ezintweni ezingenangqondo, ezidabukisayo nezihlekisayo ngokulandelana kwezikhathi nendawo, ikakhulukazi ezingcezu zakhe zomlando.

Ngokwengeziwe, okuningi kwe imisebenzi Imidlalo ka-Lope de Vega ibonisa izimpikiswano ezigqugquzelwe uthando nodumo. Ngokufanayo, wabamba zonke izinhlobo zezethameli (abahlonishwayo, abantu abavamile, abangafundile ...) ngenxa yefomula yakhe yokuhlela kabili, enye phakathi kwezicebi nomunye phakathi kwezinceku.

Ezinye izibonelo zezindikimba zabo ezivame kakhulu

amahlaya e-swashbuckling

• Intokazi eyisiwula;
• I-gingerbread kaBelisa;
• Isijeziso sabahlakaniphileyo;
• I knight yesimangaliso;
• U-Estefania onebhadi;
• Thanda ungazi ukuthi ubani;
• Insimbi yaseMadrid.

izingcezu knightly

• Intsha kaRoland;
• I-Marquis yaseMantua.

Ezenkolo

• Ukudalwa komhlaba;
• Ukuphanga kukaDina.

Ezomlando

• Uma kuqhathaniswa nenani alikho ishwa;
• UMudarra ungumbungazi ovelele.

Izinqubomgomo

• Inkanyezi yaseSeville;
• Umthombo we-Ovejuna;
• UK Knight wase-Olmedo.

Isigaba sokugcina sempilo yakhe

Phakathi kuka-1598 no-1599, umbhali wasebenza njengonobhala ukuze aziphilise ngoba izinkundla zeshashalazi zavalwa ngokomthetho wasebukhosini. Okokuqala, wakhonza iMarquis yaseMalpica, kwase kuba iMarquis yaseSarriá. Ngo-1607, uLope waqala ukusebenzela uMbusi waseSessa, uDon Luis Fernández de Córdoba, lokhu kwamenza waba umngane oseduze futhi protégé. Ngaleyo minyaka wachitha izinsuku zakhe phakathi kweMadrid neSeville.

Ngo 1608, ungqondongqondo waseSpain waqala indlela yakhe eya ebuphristini. Ngokuhambisana, wangena eBandleni leZigqila zeSakramente eliNgcwele futhi oHlelweni Lwesithathu lukaSanta Francis.

Ngawo lowo nyaka uthole indlu endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi iCalle Cervantes (kwabe kunguCalle de Francos). Wahlala lapho kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe. kwenzeka ngo-Agasti 27, 1635.